弥勒县土法炼锌对环境的影响及解决对策

从土法炼锌的起源、现状、造成的环境影响几个方面进行论述，得出结论：土法炼锌已经威胁到当地群众的安全生存，严重影响了当地群众的正常生产生活，极大地阻碍了当地的经济发展。根据实际情况，提出了解决的对策和建议。     

镁合金熔炼、铸造过程的危险性分析

随着材料制造和材料加工业迅速发展,新结构材料和功能材料不断出现。镁能与锌、铝、锰等金属组成性能优越的合金,镁合金广泛用于轻工、通讯、军事等领域。由于镁合金应用领域的拓展,镁合金的生产企业也越来越多。镁合金生产的主要工艺是熔炼、铸造,熔炼、铸造时,镁合金极易与氧及含氧化合物反生氧化反应,释放出巨大的热量,发生爆炸事故,使生命和财产受到巨大损失。针对镁合金的特性,从镁合金熔炼、铸造的工艺过程、安全特点等方面分析了镁合金熔炼、铸造过程中发生爆炸事故的原因,提出了安全生产对策措施,以期减少镁合金熔炼、铸造过程中意外伤亡事故的发生,减少财产损失及对企业周边和社会造成的影响。     

Foliar and root uptake of Cs, Sr and Zn in processing tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The results of an experimental study on the behaviour of ¹³⁴Cs, ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn in processing tomato plants grown in peat substrate are presented. Plants were contaminated by wet deposition of ¹³⁴Cs, ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn, either by sprinkling the above ground part at two phenological stages or by administering ¹³⁴Cs, ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn to the soil. The plants contaminated at the second phenological stage intercepted 38.3% less than those contaminated at the first stage, although leaf area increased by more than double. Transfer coefficients from peat soil to ripe fruit for ¹³⁴Cs are significantly higher than those for ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn. Leaf to fruit transfer coefficients for ¹³⁴Cs are one order of magnitude higher than for ⁶⁵Zn and two orders higher than for ⁸⁵Sr. Only when deposition affects fruits, as at the second phenological stage, are transfer coefficients to fruits similar for the three radionuclides.     

Enhanced adsorption of arsenate by spinel zinc ferrite nano particles: Effect of zinc content and site occupation

In this work, zinc ferrite spinel with different zinc contents (Zn_xFe_3-xO₄) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and used for removing As(V) in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that in the crystal structure of Zn_xFe_3-xO₄, the zinc atoms tended to occupy the octahedral sites for x?<?0.6 and diffused into the tetrahedral sites gradually with x?>?0.6. The size of Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ crystallites increased with the increasing zinc content. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption isotherms could be well described by the Langmuir model, while the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Zinc ferrite exhibited the highest adsorption capacity towards As(V) when x?=?0.6. Study of the mechanism indicated that doping with zinc increased the number of surface hydroxyl groups on ferrite spinel, and thus enhanced the adsorption capacity when x?=?0.6. This work revealed the effects of doping site and content of metal atoms on the adsorption ability of ferrite spinel towards As(V).     

黔西北土法炼锌废渣堆场修复植物叶片和废渣的生态化学计量特征

为探讨土法炼锌废渣堆场实现生态修复后废渣-植物系统中植物内稳性以及不同植被类型与氮磷限制的关系,选择黔西北威宁县猴场镇已开展生态修复达4年的土法炼锌废渣堆场为研究区域,以废渣堆场上生长良好的5种优势乔灌草植物即构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）、柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）、大叶醉鱼草（Buddleja davidii）、芦竹（Arundo donax）、三叶草（Trifolium repens L）为研究对象,研究5种优势植物在铅锌废渣堆场中碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）的生态化学计量特征及其相互关系。结果表明：不同优势植物修复的废渣中C、N含量较高,P、K含量较低,三叶草废渣中N、P含量显著高于其他植物（p<0.05）,有效氮、有效磷与速效钾表现为三叶草废渣较高,柳杉较低;各元素化学计量特征表现为C∶P > C∶K > C∶N > N∶P > N∶K > P∶K,三叶草废渣中N∶K、P∶K显著高于其余四种植物。5种植物叶片中N含量整体较低,草本植物三叶草N、P、K含量明显高于其余几种植物;通过叶片N∶P分析表明,除三叶草生长受P限制,其余4种植物生长都受N限制。废渣与植物叶片中养分含量间的相关性表明,植物叶片中N、P、K含量分别与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。除叶片N∶P与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈正相关外,叶片中其余元素间的化学计量比均与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈负相关,其中叶片C∶K、P∶K与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）。因此,废渣中N、P、K的有效性显著影响着植物叶片中N、P、K的含量及生态化学计量特征。     

锌冶炼区菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况及风险评价

对黔西北地区某典型锌冶炼区菜地土壤和主要蔬菜进行取样调查,测定了土壤和蔬菜可食用部分Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Ni 6种重金属的含量,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法评价了土壤和蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,并分别采用潜在生态风险指数（RI）和目标危险系数法（THQ）评价了菜地土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险和蔬菜中重金属对成人和青少年儿童的健康风险.结果表明,该区域菜地土壤已受到重金属的重度污染,且以Cd对综合指数的贡献最大,土壤Cd存在极强生态风险,研究区处于轻微、中等、强和很强的生态风险程度的采样点比例分别为2.0%、14.3%、35.7%和48.0%;在所采集的蔬菜样本中,土豆处于重度污染水平,芸豆处于中度污染水平;复合重金属健康风险指数评价结果表明,食用研究区域蔬菜对成人和青少年儿童健康产生负面影响的可能性很大.     

西宁市金属冶炼和压延加工业大气颗粒物排放清单

大气污染物排放清单是了解大气污染特征和控制对策的前提。根据排放因子方法,建立了2018年西宁市金属（包括黑色和有色金属）冶炼和压延加工业PM_2.5、PM₁₀大气污染物的排放清单,并对其时空分布特征和清单不确定性进行了分析。结果表明：西宁市黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业PM_2.5、PM₁₀的总排放量分别是4.88×10³、8.37×10³ t;该行业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀排放量贡献率最大的是城北区,分别为58.36%、49.61%。有色金属冶炼和压延加工业PM_2.5、PM₁₀的总排放量分别是1.85×10³、2.78×10³ t,该行业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀贡献率最大的是大通县,分别为53.51%、56.99%。黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀贡献率最大的产业是粗钢产业,贡献率分别是38.41%、30.28%。有色金属冶炼和压延加工业对PM_2.5、PM₁₀贡献率最大的是铝行业,贡献率分别是97.33%和98.01%。2个行业PM_2.5和PM₁₀的排放受月份影响较小,一天中09：00—18：00是排放高峰期。蒙特卡罗法模拟结果表明：黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业95%置信区间的不确定性较高,PM_2.5和PM₁₀的不确定性分别为-59.33%~58.55%和-47.51%~47.28%。     

The contemporary Oceania zinc cycle: one-year stocks and flows

The material flow approach provides a framework from which to address resource management and estimate gross environmental impacts, both spatially and temporally. In this article, the major flows of zinc in Oceania over its entire life-cycle are examined; these include production (mining, milling, and refining), fabrication and manufacturing of semi- and finished products, use, and the waste management system. Comprehensive mass balances were applied to determine the zinc flows, including the quantities of zinc entering stocks in waste and in-use reservoirs. The Oceania cycle shows that substantial amounts of zinc (about 1120Gg/year) are mined on the continent. The total flow of zinc in finished products entering the use stage is about 8.6kg/(capita.year), substantially exceeding the zinc flow in discarded products. This difference, about 7.2kgZn/(capita.year) on average, is added to the in-use reservoir, largely for galvanizing applications in domestic construction and transportation. Less than 60% of all discarded zinc entering the waste management system is recycled. Much of the remaining discarded zinc is diluted into other waste streams, where recovery and recycling are probably not economically feasible.     

用沸石吸附稀土冶炼氯铵废水中的氨氮

用天然沸石对稀土冶炼氯铵废水中的氨氮进行吸附实验。通过实验得到的最佳工艺条件为：废水pH7—8、沸石粒径0．5—1．0mm、沸石投加量60g；先以300r／min搅拌1min，再以60r／min搅拌30min，沉降30min。稀土冶炼氯铵废水经沸石吸附处理后，废水中的氨氮质量浓度由13013mg／L降至6168mg／L，氨氮去除率达52．6％。     

Effects of cadmium and zinc on larval growth and survival in the ground beetle,Pterostichus oblongopunctatus

Carabid beetles, like Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, living in metal contaminated areas may be exposed to elevated levels of metals within their diets. However, when compared to other second order consumers, they have one of the lowest observed levels of metals, indicating methods of detoxification to deal with such toxicants. In this study, we investigated if chronic, multigenerational exposure to metals leads to resistance to toxic metal concentrations, and if so, what are the costs associated with them. Adult organisms were collected from two sites, a polluted and a reference site near Olkusz, in southern Poland. These adults were immediately mated, and eggs were collected twice weekly to assess the effects in the larvae of the F(1) generation. Larvae were randomly exposed to one of four artificial mediums: control, 50 mg kg(-1) Cd, 500 mg kg(-1) Zn, and a combined treatment of 50 mg kg(-1) Cd and 500 mg kg(-1) Zn to investigate possible interactions. Individuals were sacrificed at 10, 30, and 40 days. Although metals were not accumulated in larvae (p>0.05), larvae fed the Cd or the Zn treatment grew significantly slower, and had the lowest survival rate (p<0.05) in respect to control. Out of metal treated animals, those on the combined treatment of CdZn grew the quickest and had the highest observed survival (p<0.05). Although previous studies have demonstrated changes in adult population parameters under chronic, multigeneration exposure to toxic metal concentrations, our study did not reveal any changes in the larval stage.