某冶炼企业含氨废水脱氨预处理工艺设计方案

通过对某有色金属企业的高浓度含氨废水进行脱氨处理的研究,设计了三级氨吹脱、吸收工艺。经预处理后,氨氮去除率达到98%以上,并且对氨水及副产品石膏进行回收利用,降低了企业成本,并且防止了二次污染。     

Effect of ceramic industrial particulate emission control on key components of ambient PM10

The relationship between specific particulate emission control and ambient levels of some PM₁₀ components (Zn, As, Pb, Cs, Tl) was evaluated. To this end, the industrial area of Castellón (Eastern Spain) was selected, where around 40% of the EU glazed ceramic tiles and a high proportion of EU ceramic frits are produced. The PM₁₀ emissions from the ceramic processes were calculated over the period 2000–2006, taking into account the degree of implementation of corrective measures throughout the study period. Abatement systems were implemented in the majority of the fusion kilns for frit manufacture in the area as a result of the application of the Directive 1996/61/EC, leading to a marked decrease in PM₁₀ emissions. By contrast, emissions from tile manufacture remained relatively constant because of the few changes in the implementation of corrective measures. On the other hand, ambient PM₁₀ levels and composition measurements were carried out from 2002 to 2006. A high correlation between PM₁₀ emissions from frit manufacture and ambient levels of Zn, As, Pb and Cs (R² from 0.61 to 0.98) was observed. On the basis of these results, the potential impact of the implementation of corrective measures to reduce emissions from tile manufacture was quantified, resulting in a possible decrease of 3–5 μg/m³ and 2 μg/m³ in ambient mineral PM₁₀ (on an annual basis) in urban and suburban areas, respectively. This relatively simple methodology allows us to estimate the direct effect of a reduction in primary particulate emissions on ambient levels of key particulate components, and to make a preliminary quantification of the possibilities of air quality improvement by means of further emission reduction. Therefore, it is a useful tool for developing future air quality plans in the study area and in other industrialised areas.     

贵州省务川地区土法炼汞工人汞蒸汽暴露调查及健康影响评价

为探讨土法炼汞过程中汞蒸汽暴露对炼汞工人健康的影响,测定了贵州省务川土法炼汞区和对照区(贵州省长顺县)人群的尿汞、尿常规参数(pH、葡萄糖、尿胆红素原、潜血、尿蛋白)、尿肌酐和尿β2微球蛋白含量,并对两地区人群进行了详细的健康检查．测定结果显示,土法炼汞区人群尿汞和尿β2微球蛋白的平均含量分别高达779μg·g-1 Cr 和208．5μg·g-1 Cr,远远高于对照区人群的尿汞1．24μg·g-1 Cr和尿β2微球蛋白75．4μg·g-1 Cr．分析表明,务川地区土法炼汞人群遭受了较严重的汞蒸汽暴露,部分暴露人群已经表现出轻度慢性汞中毒的症状,其肾脏已经遭受到一定程度的损伤．     

中国冶炼行业场地土壤污染特征及分布情况

通过收集大量国内各个地区冶炼场地的最新污染数据,试图从全国尺度范围进行分析,反映中国冶炼行业场地的土壤污染状况.运用污染指数评价法、潜在生态危害指数法和生物毒性评价法,以《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600—2018)的第一类用地标准值为参比,对土壤中重金属和有机物的污染特征及生态风险...     

Spatial distribution of PAHs in a contaminated valley in Southeast China

A survey was conducted on the accumulation and spatial distribution of PAHs in surface soils under different land use patterns in a valley in the Yangtze Delta region with an area of 10 km² containing 15 small copper- and zinc-smelting furnaces. Sixty-five topsoil (0–20 cm) samples were collected and 16 PAHs were determined. The average amount of all the 16 PAHs ranged from 0 to 530 μg kg⁻¹ (oven dry basis), with a mean concentration of 33.2 μg kg⁻¹. Benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1, 2, 3, -cd]pyrene were the two main PAHs present at high concentrations, while pyrene and fluorene had very low concentrations. PAH concentrations were higher in uncultivated than in cultivated soils, and areas of woods and shrubbery had the␣lowest soil PAH contents. The average PAH-homologue concentrations ranked as follows: 5-rings >> 3-rings, 4-rings > 6-rings >2-rings. Much higher concentrations of PAHs were found in the southern part of the sampling area, perhaps due to deposition of airborne particles by the southeasterly winds in winter and spring. We conclude that the small smelting furnaces were the dominant source of PAHs that accumulated in the soils and the southeasterly winds led to the spatial distribution of PAHs in the topsoils. Land vegetation cover and soil utilization patterns also affected the accumulation and distribution of soil PAHs.     

The effect of turbation on zinc relocation in a vertical floodplain soil profile

Turbation is hypothesized to affect the redistribution of heavy metals in polluted floodplain soils by effects on mobility. This hypothesis was tested in microcosms by turbation of zinc-spiked sediment top layers. Manual turbation caused a fast decrease of the zinc content in the upper 15 cm of the soil, even though turbation was only applied to the upper two centimetres. It was especially zinc attached to colloid and organic matter particles that was redistributed from the top layer. Percolation processes resulted in the attached zinc being drained to depths of more than 15 cm. The decrease in zinc content of the topsoil was even stronger in combination with inundation. No indications were found for the redistribution of zinc as a result of an increase of the extractability with 0.01 M CaCl2 or changes in pH. The findings suggest that mechanical turbation and bioturbation may redistribute heavy metals from topsoils in polluted floodplains just after inundation as observed in these turbation experiments.     

Recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube,CRT: Zn removal by sulphide precipitation

This work is focused on the recovery of yttrium and zinc from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube (CRT). Metals are extracted by sulphuric acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Leaching tests are carried out according to a 2² full factorial plan and the highest extraction yields for yttrium and zinc equal to 100% are observed under the following conditions: 3 M of sulphuric acid, 10% v/v of H₂O₂ concentrated solution at 30% v/v, 10% w/w pulp density, 70 °C and 3 h of reaction.Two series of precipitation tests for zinc are carried out: a 2² full factorial design and a completely randomized factorial design. In these series the factors investigated are pH of solution during the precipitation and the amount of sodium sulphide added to precipitate zinc sulphide. The data of these tests are used to describe two empirical mathematical models for zinc and yttrium precipitation yields by regression analysis. The highest precipitation yields for zinc are obtained under the following conditions: pH equal to 2–2.5% and 10–12% v/v of Na₂S concentrated solution at 10% w/v. In these conditions the coprecipitation of yttrium is of 15–20%.Finally further yttrium precipitation experiments by oxalic acid on the residual solutions, after removing of zinc, show that yttrium could be recovered and calcined to obtain the final product as yttrium oxide. The achieved results allow to propose a CRT recycling process based on leaching of fluorescent powder from cathode ray tube and recovery of yttrium oxide after removing of zinc by precipitation. The final recovery of yttrium is 75–80%.     

关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

以关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤为研究对象,采用潜在生态危害指数法对冶炼厂周边土壤的重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行了研究。结果表明:某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni的平均含量均高于陕西省土壤元素背景值。除Cr元素以外,其余7种重金属元素存在两两之间的极显著或显著的相关性。土壤中重金属污染物总的潜在生态风险指数为轻微生态风险。因此该铅锌冶炼区周边土壤存在不同程度复合污染组合类型,生态风险总体水平较低,但局部有中重度污染。     

某有色冶炼企业周围土壤中汞等重金属分布的特征研究

为考察某有色金属冶炼厂对其周边土壤的重金属污染状况,研究了土壤中汞等重金属的水平分布特征和垂直分布特征。在该厂的厂内、上风向、下风向区域分别进行代表性布点,同时在当地主导风向下风侧最大落地点400 m~2范围内进行棋盘式布点,分层采样,共计96个样品,以GB 15618—2008《土壤环境质量标准》的三级标准为评价标准,对土壤中汞、铅、砷、锌的污染状况及分布特征进行了分析评价。结果表明:厂内土壤汞浓度为355 mg/kg,超出标准限值1.5 mg/kg约239倍;土壤重金属水平分布特征随当地主导风向影响较为明显,而重金属垂直分布特征各异,汞浓度随土层深度增加而升高,砷浓度垂直分布较均匀,锌浓度的垂直分布特征不明显。     

基于响应面法的改性玉米芯吸附水中Zn~(2+)的工艺条件优化及机理研究

运用玉米芯作为生物吸附剂去除水溶液中Zn~(2+)。以单因素控制变量法考察了玉米芯用量、吸附时间、改性盐浓度和摇床转速对吸附性能的影响,并运用响应面法对吸附条件进行优化,通过吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学研究来探讨吸附机理。结果表明,当Zn~(2+)初始浓度为50 mg/L、改性盐浓度为0.26%、玉米芯用量为20 g/L、转速为203 r/min,于30℃的恒温振荡器中振荡吸附反应35 min后,吸附率可达80.40%。玉米芯对水溶液中Zn~(2+)的吸附是一个自发的吸附过程,其吸附行为符合二级反应速率方程和Langmuir吸附等温式,具有一定的应用前景。