苯并(a)芘及其代谢产物的连续降解研究

在以驯化过的芽孢杆菌(BA-07)降解BaP的过程中,鉴定出2个BaP的未开环代谢产物顺式-4,5-二氢-4,5-二醇-BaP(cis-BP4,5-dihydrodiol)和顺式-7,8-二氢-7,8-二醇-BaP(cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol).由于该产物对微生物有一定毒性,所以难于进一步降解.为提高BaP降解的同时,降低cis-BP4,5-dihydrodiol和cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol的累积,对2种降解方法(即单纯用BA07降解和运用高锰酸钾与BA-07耦合的方法降解)进行了比较,并且优化了连续降解的参数.结果表明,①对BaP及其代谢产物的连续降解,化学氧化与微生物耦合(高锰酸钾与BA-07)的降解效果明显好于单纯利用微生物(细菌BA-07)的降解;②在同一时间取样,cis-BP4,5-dihydrodiol的残留率均高于cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol;③当BaP的浓度为40μg/mL,培养基的最佳pH为7.0,以琥珀酸钠为共代谢底物,可以显著提高BaP降解率,降低cis-BP 4,5-dihydrodiol和cis-BP7,8-dihydrodiol的累积.同时提出了化学氧化与微生物协同的方法可以有效促进环境中持久有机污染物的连续降解.     

杭州湾北岸奉贤水域大肠菌群和异养细菌的生态分布

通过2004年夏季对杭州湾奉贤水域有关微生物及其环境因子的检测,分析研究该水域大肠菌群、异养细菌的生态分布特征、污染程度及其与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,该水域均不同程度地受大肠菌群和异养细菌的污染,其中大肠菌群在50~1700/L,属于国家二级海水,呈现近陆断面高于远陆断面的分布特征;异养细菌丰度在2.3×103~1.6×105/mL,应属于中度污染,呈现远陆断面高于近陆断面的分布特征。该水域浮游植物总数量平均值为1043.70×104/m3。通过对环境因子相关性分析发现,大肠菌群和异养细菌总数与叶绿素a有明显的正相关性,其相关系数分别为0.73和0.6179。     

家长吸烟对儿童尿中1-羟基芘的影响

为了解家长吸烟对小学生尿中１－羟基芘的影响,对４个地区小学生２３４份尿样中的１－羟基芘及其学校所在地空气中的苯并芘进行了同步采样分析,结果显示,学生尿中的１－羟基芘浓度与所在学校空气中苯并（ａ）芘的浓度有显著的正相关关系。家长吸烟组学生尿中１－羟基芘浓度均高于家长不吸烟组,但ｔ检验结果差别不显著,根据测定结果的分析,讨论了这种差别的意义。     

酸化水体中的藻类研究

为研究酸沉降对水生生态系统的影响,1991年至1992年间,对地处我国重酸雨区域的重庆市郊6个水体中的藻类进行了比较研究,结果表明,绿藻门的种类最多,占种类总数的50％以上,其次是蓝藻或硅藻。藻类的细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素ａ,在酸化水体中（pH值<5.0）分别为23.3～49.9万个/L,0.59～1.05mg/L和0.65～3.01mg/m3;在轻度酸化水体（6.0＞pH值＞5.0）分别为433.9～680.0万个/L,6.6～21.75mg/L和14.66～25.19mg/m3。三项指标均随水体酸度的增加而减少。酸化水体中的藻类生长潜力（AGP）很弱,低pH值和可给态磷的不足是造成AGP低的主要限制因素。     

铬渣烧结矿炼制含铬生铁工业化生产试验研究

采用铬渣烧结矿作为熔剂,在３０ｍ＾３小高炉上进行了冶炼含铬生铁的工业化生产试验,铬河中六价铬的还原率接近１００％,总铬的金属化还原率大于９４％,平均每吨产品铁吃渣量为２．２９８ｔ,最高达２．７８５ｔ。炼制含铬最大于１０％铁含铬生铁,需同时配入铬铁矿增铬,保持１４８０Ｋ以上的炉温,控制较低的碱度,配入辅料降低炉渣溶点,可显著善炉渣的流动性,成功地实现渣,铁分离排放。监测了试验过程的二次污染,需控制高     

海水中二甲基硫含量与海洋环境因子间关系的研究

以青岛尚岸海水为典型水域,设８个采样点于１９９６－０３、１９９６－０５和１９９６－１０进行了３次ＤＭＳ与海洋环境因子的监测,研究青岛尚岸海水海洋因子的特点及海水中ＤＭＳ浓度与浮游物种和海洋环境因子的关系,结果表明,海洋浮游植物生成ＤＭＳ的生物机理较为复杂,青岛沿岸海水中ＤＭＳ含量与叶绿素α２及海洋环境因子无明确的相关关系,浮游植物和海洋环境因子复杂的时空变化为研究海洋排放ＤＭＳ带来了很大的不确定性     

综合评定苯并（a）芘低浓度污染有毒危险性的研究

在细胞遗传损伤和免疫功能综合指标中,观察对苯并（a）芘（BaP）敏感并适用于人群检测的指标。结果显示外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换（SCE）率与尿中BaP含量呈正相关;并在BP低于10μg/100M³的接触人群中观察到SCE率增高;血清IgG和补体C³与血中BaP含量呈负相关。以SCE率增高、IgG降低和尿中BaP负荷量增高综合评定BaP污染的有危毒险性有应用前景,饮用中华猕猴桃饮料,有助于SCE率增高的恢复和体内BaP的排出。     

火灾规律双重性模型及其对室内漏油火灾的分析

火灾的规律具有双重性:确定性和随机性。只有既研究其确定性又研究其随机性,并进而研究二者的综合才能完整地认识火灾的规律。本文提出火灾双重性规律的学术思想,通过构造室内漏油火灾的确定性和随机性模型,阐明运用火灾双重性规律表述火灾过程的具体方法。文中用微机实施的大量计算表明,该模型能方便地预言:发生室内漏油火灾时,室内设备是否会损坏以及可能被损坏的概率.     

Scale dependency of conservation outcomes in a forest-offsetting scheme

Offset schemes help avoid or revert habitat loss through protection of existing habitat (avoided deforestation), through the restoration of degraded areas (natural regrowth), or both. The spatial scale of an offset scheme may influence which of these 2 outcomes is favored and is an important aspect of the scheme's design. However, how spatial scale influences the trade-offs between the preservation of existing habitat and restoration of degraded areas is poorly understood. We used the largest forest offset scheme in the world, which is part of the Brazilian Forest Code, to explore how implementation at different spatial scales may affect the outcome in terms of the area of avoided deforestation and area of regrowth. We employed a numerical simulation of trade between buyers (i.e., those who need to offset past deforestation) and sellers (i.e., landowners with exceeding native vegetation) in the Brazilian Amazon to estimate potential avoided deforestation and regrowth at different spatial scales of implementation. Allowing offsets over large spatial scales led to an area of avoided deforestation 12 times greater than regrowth, whereas restricting offsets to small spatial scales led to an area of regrowth twice as large as avoided deforestation. The greatest total area (avoided deforestation and regrowth combined) was conserved when the spatial scale of the scheme was small, especially in locations that were highly deforested. To maximize conservation gains from avoided deforestation and regrowth, the design of the Brazilian forest-offset scheme should focus on restricting the spatial scale in which offsets occur. Such a strategy could help ensure conservation benefits are localized and promote the recovery of degraded areas in the most threatened forest landscapes.     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.