Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs

PAHs and PCBs were collected simultaneously indoors and outdoors at eight non-smoking homes located in four buildings in high-traffic areas of Rome. The purpose was to evaluate the relevance of indoor air in contributing to the overall exposure of the urban population. The vertical distribution was also investigated by collecting outdoor samples at both road and roof level, and indoor samples in both a high and a low floor flat of each building. At one coal-heated building, samples were collected during both the heating and the non-heating season. No evident PAH source was present indoors. Indoor and outdoor daily concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) ranged, respectively, 0.1–4.6 ng m⁻³ and 0.7–2.3 ng m⁻³. With the heating on, indoor PAH concentrations equalled or exceeded those outdoors, with BaP indoor/outdoor ratios up to 4; during the warm season, ratios decreased to 0.2–0.6. Indoor PAHs at the low floors exceeded the high-floor ones when the heating was off (vehicle exhausts being the dominant source), while being equal or lower with the heating on; the vertical gradient of indoor PAHs between different floors was within a factor of 2. Outdoor PAHs at roof level were 20–70% of those at road level, which in turn exceeded those at the medium-traffic station up to a factor of 4. The outdoor concentrations of Σ6 indicator PCBs ranged 0.1–1.6 ng m⁻³. Indoor PCB concentrations exceeded those outdoors by an approximate factor of 2–50. No vertical gradient was observed. The results indicated that indoor air may contribute to the overall exposure to PAHs and PCBs more than the urban air. They were also consistent with recent findings suggesting that indoor air can be a relevant source of PCBs for outdoor air.     

高等植物对甲醇的释放和利用

植物可向大气中释放一种挥发性的有机气体——甲醇,同时对这种气体可加以利用。在详细阐述甲醇的产生、释放和可能的代谢机制的基础上,通过不同浓度的甲醇溶液喷施牡丹叶片,测定其对光合作用过程及叶绿素荧光参数变化的影响。结果表明,光合作用有较大改善:光合速率明显提高,气孔导度增加,叶内CO2浓度也有一定幅度改善。叶绿素荧光参数(qN和NPQ)以及电子传递速率(ETR)发生较大改变;Fm/Fo,Fv/Fo和ΦPSII的下降可能与甲醇对牡丹叶片的双向效应(促进性和毒性)有关,这取决于喷施的浓度、次数和时间。初步的结果显示:甲醇提高光合作用速率的同时,并没有伴随光合效率和机能的改善和提高。期间的气孔导度和胞内CO2浓度的提高以及非辐射能耗散(qN和NPQ)和光呼吸的降低可能是牡丹叶片光合作用速率提高的主要原因。     

自动控制实现两级混合床反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的短程硝化

采用两级混合床反应器(分别命名为 Hybrid Ⅰ和 HybridⅡ).对垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮去除进行了试验研究,混合床由颗粒悬浮载体和固定组合软性填料相结合.试验以反应器的 DO、pH、ORP、SS等作为在线控制参数,研究了该反应器在固定温度(28～33℃)、不同进水负荷、DO 和 pH值下的运行效果,最后在 Hybrid 反应器的优化控制条件(DOHrbrid Ⅰ=(2.0±0.2)mg·L-1,DOHbrid Ⅱ=(1.5±0.2)mg·L-1,pHHybrid Ⅰ=8.0±0.2,pHHybrid Ⅱ=8.5±0.2,周期进水量为50L)下,实现了COD的高效去除以及氨氮的短程硝化去除.垃圾渗滤液进水 COD和氨氮分别为2300～5700mg·L-1和580～1150mg·L-1.两级混合床反应器工艺的COD和氨氮的去除率分别为93%和95%左右,总氮(TN)的去除率在82%以上.连续运行过程中 Hybrid Ⅰ和 Hybrid Ⅱ反应器的COD最大去除速率分别为 1.91 kg·m-3·d-1和0.75kg·m-3·d-1,氨氮亚硝化速率最大分别为 0.54kg·m-3·d-1和0.33kg·m-3·d-1.运行结果表明,该工艺耐冲击负荷强,处理效果稳定.     

Synthesis and application of lignin-based copolymer LSAA on controlling non-point source pollution resulted from surface runoff

In this article,alkali lignin separated from paper pulp waste was grafted into a novel copolymer LSAA (a copolymer of lignin,starch, acrylamide,and acrylic acid).Its practical application effect and environmental safety were studied.The results of field simulation experiment indicated that the application of LSAA significantly affected the output of the runoff and pollutants.The runoff quantity was decreased by 16.67%-47.00%and the loads of total suspended solids (TSS),chemical oxygen demand (COD),total ...     

多频率组合平行正交超声场降解氯苯的研究

文章研究了不同频率以及频率组合下正交和平行超声场降解氯苯溶液的效果,并对氯苯超声降解的动力学进行了分析。实验结果证明:其他条件相同的情况下,采用多频率组合超声场能有效的提高氯苯的降解效果;正交超声场降解效果优于平行超声场;多频超声场中氯苯降解过程符合虚拟一级反应特征,同时给出了3种频率及其频率组合条件下氯苯的超声降解动力学特征方程。     

农作物种植结构与农民收入及其对环境影响的分析

农民增收问题是三农问题的重要环节。本文以湖南省张家界市慈利县零溪镇大庄村第五、八、十六组为研究对象,分析了自1980年实行土地包产到户以来农作物种植结构的变化及农民收入之间的关系,认为在本地以柑橘为主的单一类型农作物规模化经营最有利于降低农民劳动强度、提高农民收入,对环境既有正面影响也有负面影响,并对其带来的环境影响提出了思考和建议。     

苯并[a]芘对赤子爱胜蚓线粒体编码基因表达影响研究

根据ISO 11268-1:1993方法,完成了土壤中苯并[a]芘对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的人工污染模拟实验.并采用Clontech PCR-SelectTM cDNA Subtration Kit构建了污染组和对照组蚯蚓之间的抑制消减文库.经测序和比对分析,在苯并[a]芘诱导上调文库中发现5个线粒体DNA(mtDNA)编码的基因,且在上调文库中具有较高的频率.它们分别为:细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,NADH氢脱氢酶亚基1,ATP合成酶亚基.研究表明,土壤中苯并[a]芘污染改变了蚯蚓线粒体基因组的表达水平,线粒体基因组表达异常是多环芳烃污染胁迫的重要分子生物标记物.     

溴邻苯三酚红-交流示波极谱法测定天然水中铝形态

1　IntroductionDeterminationofthealuminumspeciationisoneofthemostsignificanttasksofenvironmentalanalyticalresearchatpresent.Therefore ,developmentofthepowerfulanalyticalmethodstargetingatdirectdetermininginorganicmonomericAliandtotalmonomericAlawillbeveryimportant[1 ].ThemostwidelyusedschemeforthefractionationofAlinnaturalwatersampleswasproposedbyDriscoll[2 ]whichemployed 8 oxine MIBKextractioncoupledwithGF AAS .Howevertherearestillsomedrawbacksinpracticalanalysisusingthemethod :(1) 8 ox…     

饮用水中苯并（a）芘的毛细管气相色谱分析

本文叙述了应用毛细管气相色谱测定饮用水中苯并（ａ）芘含量的方法，二氯甲烷用做提取剂，萃取１Ｌ水样，提取液在微沸状态下蒸干并定容，以不分流方式注入色谱仪进样口，样品在５０Ｍ张的ＳＥ－５４毛细管色谱柱上分离，氢火焰离子化检测器检测后，进行定性定量分析，方法的检测下限达２．５ｎｇ／ｌ，不仅能满足生活饮用水，也可满足天然饮用矿泉水，湖水，河水等水体中苯并（ａ）芘的检测。