机械制造企业安全事故统计分析与对策研究

本文统计分析了4家机械制造企业11年导致人员死亡和重伤的28起安全事故案例，结果表明这些企业安全事故总体发展趋势和企业业务发展有密切的联系，企业安全事故的事故类型、事故原因和事故岗位分布有非常明显的行业特征；最后根据统计分析结果提出了调研企业在预防安全事故方面需要加强的管理对策和措施。     

危险度评价法与蒙德法在焦化装置中的对比应用研究

通过危险度评价法与蒙德法评分项目的比较分析,得出危险度评价法中的压力、温度和操作参数,反映在蒙德法中,表现为特殊工艺危险性的评分项,这表明利用简单、直观的危险度评价法,在一定程度上,可以表征复杂单元的危险性大小,且与蒙德法的评价相一致.以焦化装置为例子,首先只针对压力、温度和操作三个参数,运用两种评价法分别进行评价,得出的结论相一致,验证了上述结论；然后分别用两种方法对焦化装置进行评价,分析对比结果,危险度评价法在参数选取和运行中,更加简单直观,可以为蒙德法提供装置各单元危险性高低的依据并缩小评价的范围.蒙德法是危险度评价的拓展与延伸,它将危险度评价法得出的危险性高的单元,更深入的找出导致危险性高的原因与参数.     

某铝厂熔铸项目职业病危害控制效果评价

采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、检查表分析法等方法对某铝厂熔铸项目存在的职业病危害进行了识别、分析,提出了职业病危害防护措施方面的建议。     

浅谈如何做好工业企业厂界噪声监测质量保证工作

针对如何做好工业企业厂界噪声监测质量保证工作问题,文中介绍了如何做好监测前的质量保证工作,包括监测人员的保证作用、监测方法的保证作用、噪声监测仪的保证作用、噪声校准仪的保证作用,探讨了对现场监测质量测定的影响因素,主要包括对气象要求、测量工况、监测情况调查、测点位置、测量时间、背景噪声值扣除、人为噪声的排除和测量记录对监测质量的影响,并对监测数据进行了处理及分析,这有益于做好工业企业厂界噪声监测质量保证工作。     

塔河油田钻井废弃泥浆无害化处理技术研究

为了对新疆塔河油田钻井过程中产生的废弃泥浆的污染情况进行研究,提出了以多个井场废弃泥浆为试样,采用水泥、生石灰、粉煤灰等固化剂进行固化处理,对不同井场的废弃泥浆进行泥浆固化的药剂配比试验,经试验分析确定废弃泥浆浸出液主要污染指标为COD cr和pH值,固化剂中的水泥及生石灰对固化效果起着决定性的影响,结果表明以16%水泥+2%生石灰+8%粉煤灰+1%氯化钙+5%石膏的最佳配比方案,使固化后浸出液中各项环境指标达到排放标准,保证塔河油田的废泥浆固化处理能够有效施行。     

热等离子体技术销毁日本遗弃化武红弹装填物研究

针对二战期间日本侵略军在我国遗弃的大量化学武器的危害性,进行了热等离子体技术销毁含砷毒剂的实验,旨在为评价日本遗弃化武的销毁技术选择提供技术支持.所采用的热等离子体处理固体废弃物的实验装置主要由等离子体发生器、等离子体旋转炉、二次燃烧炉、冷却器、文丘里喷淋塔和洗涤喷淋塔等设备组成.利用该装置对日本遗弃化武红弹和红简装填物二苯氰砷和二苯氯砷进行了销毁实验,并用GC-MS法对销毁产物进行分析.结果显示,经处理后未检测出二苯氯砷和二苯氰砷,根据分析方法的检出下限计算出的二苯氯砷和二苯氰砷的销毁去除率均高达99.999 9%.对熔渣进行砷的浸出毒性实验显示,浸出液中砷的质量浓度均低于0.03 mg/L,远低于我国固体废物砷的浸出毒性鉴别标准值1.5 mg/L.但是,等离子体炉在销毁含砷有机毒剂时,固砷效率很差,因此要发挥等离子体技术的优势,还必须加强固砷方法的研究.     

焦化厂清洁生产审核中／高费方案实施与效益分析

根据企业清洁生产审核实际情况，针对中／高费方案的产生与实施，从经济、环境方面分析企业实施清洁生产审核所取得的成效，指出实施清洁生产审核不仅可以促进企业的发展，而且可以使企业获得经济效益和环境效益的“双赢”。     

AA-OO法处理焦化酚氰污水的操作实践及优化

焦化酚氰污水因其成分复杂、毒性大、难于生物降解,是世界公认的最难处理废水之一。以山东钢铁集团济南焦化厂为例,介绍了酚氰污水来源及AA-OO废水处理工艺流程。投产之初,因在工艺、操作等方面存在诸多问题,出现了多次硝化菌受抑制现象,该厂对存在的问题进行了认真梳理及剖析,并采取了针对性的措施。优化结束后,整个工艺运行稳定,出水指标达到炼焦行业污染物排放标准,运行成本也有明显下降,取得了较好的效果,其成功经验值得焦化同行的借鉴。     

Prioritizing Abandoned Coal Mine Reclamation Projects Within the Contiguous United States Using Geographic Information System Extrapolation

Coal mine reclamation projects are very expensive and require coordination of local and federal agencies to identify resources for the most economic way of reclaiming mined land. Location of resources for mine reclamation is a spatial problem. This article presents a methodology that allows the combination of spatial data on resources for the coal mine reclamation and uses GIS analysis to develop a priority list of potential mine reclamation sites within contiguous United States using the method of extrapolation. The extrapolation method in this study was based on the Bark Camp reclamation project. The mine reclamation project at Bark Camp, Pennsylvania, USA, provided an example of the beneficial use of fly ash and dredged material to reclaim 402,600 sq mi of a mine abandoned in the 1980s. Railroads provided transportation of dredged material and fly ash to the site. Therefore, four spatial elements contributed to the reclamation project at Bark Camp: dredged material, abandoned mines, fly ash sources, and railroads. Using spatial distribution of these data in the contiguous United States, it was possible to utilize GIS analysis to prioritize areas where reclamation projects similar to Bark Camp are feasible. GIS analysis identified unique occurrences of all four spatial elements used in the Bark Camp case for each 1 km of the United States territory within 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 km radii from abandoned mines. The results showed the number of abandoned mines for each state and identified their locations. The federal or state governments can use these results in mine reclamation planning.     

WATERSHED PLANNING FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT1

Acid drainage from abandoned mines is a widespread problem in old mining regions. Agencies seeking to abate it face the prospect of dealing with hundreds of potential abatement projects, stretching decades into the future. A systematic regional analysis is necessary to establish locations, objectives, priorities, and phasing of such projects. The U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a novel procedure for abatement planning in the 420 square mile Blacklick Creek Watershed in Pennsylvania. The plan sought to direct abatement projects toward pollution sources where degradation was worst and adverse effects greatest. It established abatement priorities by comparing the “supply” of sources to be reclaimed (the degrees of old mines' water quality degradation) with the “demand” for abatement to be done (the natural and cultural values represented by the region's demography, land use and other non-mining characteristics). Matrices were used to define the relationships among mining and non-mining factors; maps were developed to show the geographic distribution of the conclusions. The locations, priorities, and phasing of abatement objectives shown on the maps should provide guidance for any abatement effort, no matter what type of technology is applied to achieve the objectives. Over the many years in which abatement projects are to be performed in the Watershed, the plan can be used to define, coordinate, and establish priorities for the projects in a manner that can result in maximum abatement benefits from the application of limited funds.