印制电路板蚀刻废液利用企业环保准入条件研究

介绍了当前印制电路板蚀刻废液资源化利用的主要方法及处理过程存在的环境问题。以江苏省为例,对含铜废蚀刻液处置利用企业的管理进行了初步探讨,并提出了该行业的环保准入条件,为政府及相关部门制定政策提供了依据。     

制定湖泊营养物基准的技术方法研究进展

湖泊营养物基准是指用可信的科学数据表示水中营养物的允许浓度和生态指标的阈值,是制定富营养化标准、评价湖泊状态依据。文章分析了国外制定湖泊营养物基准的方法:参照状态法、输入-响应模型法和机理推断法,并概述了目前湖泊富营养化预测模型。通过分析对比,提出了适合我国湖泊营养物基准制定的技术方法及思路。     

CO中毒的环境气象因子分析及预测方法研究

利用2006年9月~2007年3月全国CO中毒病例资料,选取日发病人数为8人以上的CO中毒事件发生日作为样本,对CO中毒的气象条件进行了分析研究.结果表明,微风或者静风、大气层结稳定的气象条件不利于CO气体的扩散,同时,气温变幅较小、气压下降、云量多和气体湿度大也可能间接导致CO中毒事件的发生.用风速、大气稳定度、24h变温、24h变压、总云量和相对湿度作为预报因子,利用阈值加权平均的方法,初步建立了区域性CO中毒气象潜势预报模型.     

Biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse by a mixed culture of micro organisms: Effect of aeration conditions and pH control

Upon aeration, the mixed microbial SCD ProBio OriginalTM culture may be used as the first stage in a two- or multi-stage system for the biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse.     

Removal of cyanide adsorbed on pyrite by H2O2 oxidation under alkaline conditions

Large amounts of cyanide tailings are produced during the cyanidation process in gold extraction,which are hazardous solid wastes due to the toxic cyanide.Pyrite is one of the main minerals in cyanide tailings.The removal of cyanide adsorbed on pyrite by H_2O_2 oxidation under alkaline conditions was investigated in this study.It was found that the removal efficiency was positively correlated with pH from 5 to 12,but remained almost constant when pH was higher than 12.The highest cyanide removal efficiency of 91.10% was achieved by adding no less than 0.6 wt.% of H_2O_2.Cyanide removal was positively correlated with the CN~-adsorption amount between 1.06 and 8.5 mg/g,and temperature between 25 and 85°C.The removal of cyanide adsorbed on pyrite by H_2O_2 oxidation under alkaline conditions was due to the oxidation of pyrite.Hexacyanoferrate,thiocyanate and sulfate were generated with mole ratios of about 2.03:1.12:3.17 during the cyanide removal.?2018 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

2001~2019年气象条件对江苏省PM2.5分布的影响

利用区域在线空气质量模式WRF-Chem模拟研究了2001～2019年气象条件对江苏省PM_2.5浓度分布的影响.在排放源不变的情况下,气象条件引起的江苏省PM_2.5年均浓度的最强正、负异常分别出现在2008和2001年,它们的异常值相对于多年平均值分别占比10.5%和-14.3%,表明气象条件对PM_2.5浓度年际变化有明显影响.经验正交函数分解的结果表明,气象条件对江苏省PM_2.5浓度的空间分布的影响具有一致性.边界层高度、温度、相对湿度、风速和降水整体上都与江苏省PM_2.5浓度呈现显著负相关关系.以上气象因子所构建的线性回归方程能较好地描述PM_2.5浓度和气象条件之间的关系,其拟合值与模拟值相关性为0.73,通过了99%的信度水平检验.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

内蒙古近地面臭氧污染时空分布特征及气象条件分析

使用2018—2020年内蒙古臭氧(O₃)、气象要素观测资料和NCEP FNL资料,统计分析内蒙古近地面O₃质量浓度的时空分布特征和变化趋势,并针对全区O₃污染典型个例分析其天气形势和气象要素的影响作用。结果表明:内蒙古2018—2020年O₃质量浓度年评价值呈逐年下降趋势,2020年较2018年下降10.3%,各盟市O₃超标率也显著降低,仅赤峰市和通辽市略微上升。内蒙古O₃质量浓度高值分布在中西部偏南地区,尤其是乌海市和鄂尔多斯市;O₃超标率峰值主要出现在5—7月,周末效应存在东西部差异。O₃浓度变化和天气形势关系密切,南部暖平流和暖高压控制有利于O₃生成,西北部冷平流和冷涡发展使得O₃浓度下降;高温、低湿、微风和较高的能见度均为诱发O₃污染的重要气象条件,而西北大风通过降低温度、能见度和易于扩散的风向使得内蒙古O₃浓度降低,但同时可能会导致PM₁₀污染。     

Development and case study of a new-generation model-VAT for analyzing the boundary conditions influence on atmospheric mercury simulation

Atmospheric models are essential tools to study the behavior of air pollutants. To interpret the complicated atmospheric model simulations, a new-generation Model Visualization and Analysis Tool (Model-VAT) has been developed for scientists to analyze the model data and visualize the simulation results. The Model-VAT incorporates analytic functions of conventional tools and enhanced capabilities in flexibly accessing, analyzing, and comparing simulated results from multi-scale models with different map projections and grid resolutions. The performance of the Model-VAT is demonstrated by a case study of investigating the influence of boundary conditions (BCs) on the ambient Hg formation and transport simulated by the CMAQ model over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The alternative BC options are taken from (1) default time-independent profiles, (2) outputs from a CMAQ simulation of a larger nesting domain, and (3) concentration files from GEOS-Chem (re-gridded and re-projected using the Model-VAT). The three BC inputs and simulated ambient concentrations and deposition were compared using the Model-VAT. The results show that the model simulations based on the static BCs (default profile) underestimates the Hg concentrations by ~6.5%, dry depositions by ~9.4%, and wet depositions by ~43.2% compared to those of the model-derived (e. g. GEOS-Chem or nesting CMAQ) BCs. This study highlights the importance of model nesting approach and demonstrates that the innovative functions of Model-VAT enhances the efficiency of analyzing and comparing the model results from various atmospheric model simulations.

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污染场地卤代烃非生物自然衰减研究进展

传统的卤代烃自然衰减研究主要关注生物降解过程,然而近年有研究发现卤代烃可以被地层中的活性矿物还原降解.对天然活性矿物介导下卤代烃非生物自然衰减的研究进展总结显示,可以还原降解卤代烃的天然矿物主要包括铁硫矿物、铁氧矿物和含铁黏土矿物等,其中铁硫矿物在含水层中分布最为广泛.常见的反应机制包括还原消除、氢解、自由基加成、自由基偶联、脱卤化氢、水解,其中还原消除和氢解是其中最重要的两种反应机制,常见于卤代烷烃和卤代烯烃的非生物降解.卤代烃的非生物降解产物主要取决于还原降解途径和母体卤代烃.不同矿物对卤代烃的降解活性大致表现为马基诺矿?黄铁矿>黑云母>蛭石≈绿锈>磁铁矿≈蒙脱石.卤代烃的降解速率除受矿物种类影响外,还受到卤代烃种类、pH、硫化物浓度、共存金属离子、天然有机物、矿物形态等因素的影响.现有的研究已经确证活性矿物的还原降解是卤代烃自然衰减的重要机制,但该领域中仍然有一些重要知识点有待进一步研究.关于活性铁矿物Fe（Ⅱ）类型和反应能力之间的关系、还原卤代烃过程中Fe（Ⅱ）的结构变化以及结构态Fe（Ⅱ）向卤代烃的电子转移方式等仍然不清楚,建议进行更深入的研究;现有研究大都基于实验室小试装置,实际场地的研究不多,建议今后进一步探究实验室发现的规律是否符合场地中的实际情况;地下水位波动导致活性矿物间歇性暴露在溶解氧中,可能产生羟自由基（·OH）实现并导致卤代烃的氧化降解,这方面的研究目前尚存在不足,建议给予更多关注.