考虑参数和边界条件不确定性的地下水污染随机模拟

为了分析模型参数的随机变化和边界条件的随机变化对地下水溶质运移模型输出结果的不确定性影响,采用蒙特卡洛模拟对一假想算例展开研究,并结合风险评估阐述不确定性分析结果.首先,建立研究区地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型,并综合利用局部灵敏度分析和全局灵敏度分析方法筛选出对模型输出结果影响较大的参数,连同模型的边界条件(第一类边界条件-水头值)一起作为随机变量.然后,利用优化超参数的高斯过程回归(GPR)方法建立模拟模型的替代模型,代替模拟模型完成蒙特卡洛随机模拟.最后,对随机模拟的结果进行统计分析和区间估计,并利用污染物浓度的概率分布函数对1、2、3号观测井进行地下水污染风险评价.结果表明:置信水平>80%时,1,2,3号观测井污染物浓度值的置信区间分别为34.77~35.03,57.74~58.04,100.07~100.69mg/L.此外,1,2,3号观测井为轻度污染的风险分别为6%,100%,100%;为中度污染的风险分别为0%,0%,99.6%;为重度污染的风险分别为0%,0%,0.5%,藉此为地下水污染修复防治和地下水的合理利用提供可靠参考依据.     

MERRA-2再分析PM2.5资料在广东地区的适用性分析

利用2015—2021年环境监测站点的PM_2.5小时实测数据详细评估了美国航空航天总署(NASA)的现代气溶胶再分析资料第2版(MERRA-2)PM_2.5资料在广东地区的适用性.结果表明,MERRA-2与实测PM_2.5在低浓度范围(小于50μg·m-3)较为接近,在污染严重时存在明显低估现象;其模拟性能具有明显的季节和区域依赖性,在湿季和实测浓度较低地区表现能力较好.通过对PM_2.5浓度分级比较发现,MERRA-2与实测值之间的偏差随着污染程度的增加而显著增大.这主要是由于MERRA-2缺乏硝酸盐气溶胶的模拟以及排放清单的误差所造成.综合考虑气象条件的影响,本文基于2016年广州番禺气溶胶化学组分数据提出硝酸盐和铵盐参数化方法,对不利大气输送扩散条件下PM_2.5的组分构成进行校正,校正结果能够有效减小MERRA-2与实测值之间的偏差,改善MERRA-2对高浓度PM_2.5的低估.     

Biotic and abiotic transformations of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)

Background Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a fuel additive which is used all over the world. In recent years it has often been found in groundwater, mainly in the USA, but also in Europe. Although MTBE seems to be a minor toxic, it affects the taste and odour of water at concentrations of < 30 μg/L. Although MTBE is often a recalcitrant compound, it is known that many ethers can be degraded by abiotic means. The aim of this study was to examine biotic and abiotic transformations of MTBE with respect to the particular conditions of a contaminated site (former refinery) in Leuna, Germany. Methods Groundwater samples from wells of a contaminated site were used for aerobic and anaerobic degradation experiments. The abiotic degradation experiment (hydrolysis) was conducted employing an ion-exchange resin and MTBE solutions in distilled water. MTBE, tertiary butyl formate (TBF) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) were measured by a gas chromatograph with flame ionisation detector (FID). Aldehydes and organic acids were respectively analysed by a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector (ECD) and high-performance ion chromatography (HPIC). Results and Discussion Under aerobic conditions, MTBE was degraded in laboratory experiments. Only 4 of a total of 30 anaerobic experiments exhibited degradation, and the process was very slow. In no cases were metabolites detected, but a few degradation products (TBF, TBA and formic acid) were found on the site, possibly due to the lower temperatures in groundwater. The abiotic degradation of MTBE with an ion-exchange resin as a catalyst at pH 3.5 was much faster than hydrolysis in diluted hydrochloric acid (pH 1.0). Conclusion Although the aerobic degradation of MTBE in the environment seems to be possible, the specific conditions responsible are widely unknown. Successful aerobic degradation only seems to take place if there is a lack of other utilisable compounds. However, MTBE is often accompanied by other fuel compounds on contaminated sites and anaerobic conditions prevail. MTBE is often recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions, at least in the presence of other carbon sources. The abiotic hydrolysis of MTBE seems to be of secondary importance (on site), but it might be possible to enhance it with catalysts. Recommendation and Outlook MTBE only seems to be recalcitrant under particular conditions. In some cases, the degradation of MTBE on contaminated sites could be supported by oxygen. Enhanced hydrolysis could also be an alternative. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

地块尺度土地可持续利用评价指标与方法探讨——以陕北安塞纸坊沟为例

本文以陕北安塞纸坊沟为例,阐述了地块的概念和在地块尺度基础上,研究土地可持续利用的意义。从农业技术因子出发,在地块尺度上评价土地可持续利用发展,强调了人类认识程度、利用因素以及农业技术因子的重要性。从生态的角度,评价地块的土地自然适宜性,与土地利用现状结合评价土地的人为利用适宜性。从生态和经济效益评价两方面进行地块尺度土地可持续性发展评价,并初步建立了评价方法与模型     

Real-world adjustments of driver seat and head restraint in Saab 9-3 vehicles

Objective: Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), commonly denoted whiplash injury, is a worldwide problem. These injuries occur at relatively low changes of velocity (typically <25 km/h) in impacts from all directions. Rear impacts, however, are the most common in the injury statistics. Females have a 1.5–3 times higher risk of whiplash injury than males.

?Improved seat design is the prevailing means of increasing the protection of whiplash injury for occupants in rear impacts. Since 1997, more advanced whiplash protection systems have been introduced on the market, the Saab Active Head Restraint (SAHR) being one of the most prominent. The SAHR—which is height adjustable—is mounted to a pressure plate in the seatback by means of a spring-resisted link mechanism.

?Nevertheless, studies have shown that seats equipped with reactive head restraints (such as the SAHR) have a very high injury-reducing effect for males (～60–70%) but very low or no reduction effect for females. One influencing factor could be the position of the head restraint relative to the head, because a number of studies have reported that adjustable head restraints often are incorrectly positioned by drivers.

?The aim was to investigate how female and male Saab drivers adjust the seat in the car they drive the most.

Methods: The seated positions of drivers in stationary conditions have been investigated in a total of 76 volunteers (34 females, 42 males) who participated in the study. Inclusion criteria incorporated driving a Saab 9–3 on a regularly basis.

Results: The majority of the volunteers (89%) adjusted the head restraint to any of the 3 uppermost positions and as many as 59% in the top position.

?The average vertical distance between the top of the head and the top of the head restraint (offset) increase linearly with increasing statures, from an average of ?26 mm (head below the head restraint) for small females to an average of 82 mm (head above the head restraint) for large males. On average, the offset was 23 mm for females, which is within a satisfactory range and in accordance with recommendations; the corresponding value for males was 72 mm.

?The backset tended to be shorter among female volunteers (on average 27 mm) compared to the male volunteers (on average 44 mm). Moreover, the backset tended to increase with increasing statures.

Conclusions: Incorrect adjustment of the head restraint cannot explain the large differences found between the sexes in the effectiveness of the SAHR system.     

气水喷嘴雾化特性实验研究

为研究不同类型气水喷嘴的雾化效果及气体流量和水流量对雾化效果的影响,基于实验室自行设计的气水喷雾实验系统,利用JL-3000型激光粒度分析仪及电磁流量计和转子流量计对气水喷嘴流量特性及最佳工况条件进行了实验研究。采用origin软件对数据进行分析得到雾化粒径及雾滴相对尺寸ΔS随气体流量及水流量的变化曲线,并以此衡量喷嘴的雾化效果。利用喷雾学、流体力学及多相流等理论对实验现象进行分析并得到喷嘴的最佳工况条件。实验结果表明:当水流量一定时,随着气体流量的增加,雾滴粒径减小速度由快变慢。当气体流量为80 L/min时,水流量为5 L/h即气液比为960时干雾喷嘴雾化效果最好,扇形喷嘴和锥形喷嘴气水流量分别为100 L/min,5 L/h和140 L/min,5 L/h,即气液比分别为1 200和1 680时其雾化效果最好。通过对比最佳雾化效果发现干雾喷嘴的雾滴粒径及雾滴相对尺寸最小,可以达到更好的雾化效果和经济效益。     

某铁路车站候车室集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

为了解铁路车站候车室集中空调通风系统卫生状况及运行特点,为相关部门加强监管、合理规划提供依据和建议,对某城际铁路10个车站的集中空调通风系统进行公共场所卫生学验收检测及日常检测,并对比两次检测结果。检测结果显示,验收检测送风卫生指标细菌总数合格率为50%、真菌总数合格率为70%;风管内表面卫生指标细菌总数合格率为40%,真菌总数合格率为40%。日常检测送风卫生指标细菌总数合格率为100%、真菌总数合格率为100%,风管内表面卫生指标细菌总数、真菌总数合格率低。提出该城际铁路车站候车室集中空调通风系统存在微生物指标超标风险,应定期检测、清洗、消毒,加强卫生管理。     

近50a中国西南地区地表干湿状况研究

利用1961—2011 年中国西南5 省市113 个气象站的观测资料,基于Penman-Monteith 蒸散模型计算了各个站点逐月潜在蒸散和干湿指数,研究了近50 a 来西南地区气候干湿状况的时空变化特征。结果表明：西南地区气候整体较为湿润,但存在较大的区域差异,呈“东湿西干”的空间分布特征。近50 a 来西南区域的气候有“暖干化”的变化趋势,这种趋势在进入21 世纪以后有进一步加剧的迹象。西南地区干湿季特征鲜明,夏季最为湿润,冬季最干燥。近50 a 来,西南地区的气候干湿状况有两次显著的转变过程,第一次时间点在1992 年前后,此时气候开始湿润化,进入相对湿润期;另一次在2002 年前后,变化趋势由湿润化转为干旱化,进入相对干旱期。降水量是西南地区气候干湿状况的决定因素,日照时数与相对湿度等气象要素对干湿状况也产生较大影响。     

pH对过一硫酸氢盐湿法氧化去除甲硫醇恶臭气体的影响

以过一硫酸氢盐(PMS)作为氧化剂,利用化学吸收氧化法去除甲硫醇(CH3SH)恶臭气体.研究了p H(2~13)对CH3SH吸收过程、PMS氧化降解CH3SH过程的影响.结果表明,PMS不同于H2O2,在p H小于CH3SH p Ka(10.3)的弱碱性条件(p H=8~10)下,也可以有效去除CH3SH,而此时H2O2对CH3SH没有去除效果.可能的原因是,在弱碱性条件(p H=8~10)下PMS或可能产生的活性物种在气液相界面直接快速氧化CH3SH分子.     

类芽孢杆菌产絮凝多糖发酵条件优化及成分分析

为提高微生物絮凝多糖的产量,应用响应面方法对一株高效产絮菌株A9〔类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)〕发酵产絮凝多糖的影响因素进行分析. 结果表明:①根据P-B(Plackett-Burman)法确定,影响A9产絮凝多糖的显著因子为装瓶量、ρ(MgSO₄·7H₂O)和ρ(可溶性淀粉);②通过Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析,确定了优化的培养基组成与培养条件,在ρ(可溶性淀粉)为17g/L,ρ(酵母膏)为3.0g/L,ρ(K₂HPO₄)为6g/L,ρ(MgSO₄·7H₂O)为0.2g/L,ρ(NaCl)为0.10g/L,装瓶量为51mL(250mL锥形瓶),pH为8的优化条件下,絮凝多糖实际产量为2.49g/L,与理论预测值(2.50g/L)接近;③利用红外光谱法检测A9产絮凝多糖的特征基团分别为—OH、—COO-、—C—O—C—和—NHCOCH₃等极性基团;④结合A9对不同碳源利用的单因素试验结果,推测A9产絮凝多糖的主要成分分别为含有α-吡喃型糖苷键的甘露糖和葡萄糖、酸性多糖和乙酰氨基多糖等.