土壤酸化对油松生长的影响

褐色森林土酸化后,pH值下降,同时淋溶出大量Al离子和Mn离子。播种在酸化土壤中的油松种子萌发率稍有提高。生长在酸化土壤的油松苗的叶绿素含量,蒸腾强度,光合速率,相对生长率和干重均下降,原因是Al离子和Mn离子对油松的有毒害作用,并且阻止油松对钙离子和镁离子的吸收。表3参12     

Rapid assessment of management options for promoting stock rebuilding in data-poor species under climate change

The development of species recovery plans requires considering likely outcomes of different management interventions, but the complicating effects of climate change are rarely evaluated. We examined how qualitative network models (QNMs) can be deployed to support decision making when data, time, and funding limitations restrict use of more demanding quantitative methods. We used QNMs to evaluate management interventions intended to promote the rebuilding of a collapsed stock of blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) (BKC) around the Pribilof Islands (eastern Bering Sea) to determine how their potential efficacy may change under climate change. Based on stakeholder input and a literature review, we constructed a QNM that described the life cycle of BKC, key ecological interactions, potential climate-change impacts, relative interaction strengths, and uncertainty in terms of interaction strengths and link presence. We performed sensitivity analyses to identify key sources of prediction uncertainty. Under a scenario of no climate change, predicted increases in BKC were reliable only when stock enhancement was implemented in a BKC hatchery-program scenario. However, when climate change was accounted for, the intervention could not counteract its adverse impacts, which had an overall negative effect on BKC. The remaining management scenarios related to changes in fishing effort on BKC predators. For those scenarios, BKC outcomes were unreliable, but climate change further decreased the probability of observing recovery. Including information on relative interaction strengths increased the likelihood of predicting positive outcomes for BKC approximately 5–50% under the management scenarios. The largest gains in prediction precision will be made by reducing uncertainty associated with ecological interactions between adult BKC and red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). Qualitative network models are useful options when data are limited, but they remain underutilized in conservation.     

国外生命周期影响评价中酸化模型的方法概述

生命周期影响评价是生命周期评价的重要组成部分,而其中的特征化过程是实现定量评价的关键步骤。酸化（Acidification）是生命周期影响评价（LCIA）中最为普遍的影响类型之一,指由酸性气体排放引起生态环境破坏以及人体健康的损害。欧洲、北美、日本等发达国家都建立了自己的生命周期影响评价体系,本文分析了这些地区存在的酸化模型方法,对建立中国的生命周期评价数据库具有重要的意义。     

模拟氮沉降对土壤酸化和土壤盐基离子含量的影响

在温室内对1年生盆栽杉木幼苗进行模拟试验,以研究氮沉降对土壤酸化和土壤盐基离子含量的影响.以NH4NO3为外加氮源,设置5种处理,分别为N0(对照,0 g m-2 a-1,以N计,下同)、N1(6 g m-2 a-1)、N2(12 g m-2 a-1)、N3(24 g m-2 a-1)和N4(48 g m-2 a-1),每处理重复6次.经过18个月的处理后,对盆栽土壤进行取样分析.结果显示,随着氮沉降量的增加,土壤pH值逐渐下降,而土壤交换性酸度和交换性Al3+则不断增加.经N1、N2、N3和N4处理后,土壤交换性盐基总量分别下降6.29%、8.94%、10.07%和10.38%,土壤阳离子交换量分别下降5.07%、7.27%、8.53%和8.83%.随氮沉降量的增加,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量逐渐增加.低氮处理(N1、N2)使土壤交换性K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量增加,而高氮处理(N3、N4)则呈相反趋势.氮沉降由于增加了土壤活性氮的含量,加速了土壤酸化,从而导致了盐基离子的淋失.图3表3参41     

南方酸性森林土壤中铝活化过程参数化模型的建立与验证

基于模拟实验和原位观测,建立了适合我国南方酸性土壤的铝活化参数化模型.模拟实验发现,尽管Al3＋的活度随着浸提液pH值（pHw）的下降而显著增加（pAl=1.20pHw-0.30）,但同时受到土壤pH值（pHs）的显著影响（p〈0.01）.为反映土壤酸化程度（pHs）对铝活化过程的影响,假设三水铝石的pKsp随土壤pH...     

Modelling the effects of ‘coastal’ acidification on copper speciation

We present here a copper speciation model that accounts for the long-term (‘coastal-acidification’) and short-term (daily and seasonal variation) variability in water pH and water temperature. The developed model is applied to a sub-tropical estuary (Moreton Bay, Australia) at a one hundred year time scale so that outputs are consistent with climate change projections. The model predicts that the mean cupric ion concentration (Cu²⁺) in the estuary will increase by 115% over the next 100 years as a result of the projected decrease in pH and increase in water temperature. Through calibration, the estimated concentration of copper-complexing dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the estuary is found to be 22.5 nM. An increase in the concentration of Cu²⁺, which is the most toxic and bioavailable form of copper, has implications for ecosystem health and may have a negative effect on the detoxifying capacity of DOM. Models that provide a framework for coupling biological, chemical and physical processes are important for providing a holistic perspective of coastal systems, especially for better understanding a system within the context of climatic and non-climatic drivers.     

残留过氧化氢对微波-过氧化氢-碱预处理后污泥水解酸化的影响

前期研究发现,由于残留过氧化氢的影响,经过微波-过氧化氢-碱MW-H2O2-OH(p H=10)预处理的污泥进行水解酸化时存在产酸滞后期.因此,本研究通过批量试验,考察了残留过氧化氢对MW-H2O2-OH(p H=10和p H=11,MHO10和MHO11)预处理后污泥水解酸化的影响.结果表明,过氧化氢酶比二氧化锰具有更高效率的过氧化氢分解能力,能够在10 min内完全降解过氧化氢.水解酸化的8 d时间内,四组试验的SCOD(溶解性COD)浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,优化水解时间均为0.5 d;MHO10组、MHO10+过氧化氢酶组(MHO10C)和MHO11+过氧化氢酶组(MHO11C)的优化水解酸化时间均为3 d,MHO11组的优化水解酸化时间为4 d.残留过氧化氢对MHO10预处理后污泥的水解酸化有抑制作用,存在产酸滞后期.与MHO10预处理相比,MHO11预处理释放的SCOD提高了19.29%,释放了更多的有机物,进而显著提高了总VFA产量,5 d时总VFA产量显著提高了84.80%,且MHO11组可以轻微缩短产酸滞后期.投加100mg·L-1过氧化氢酶,明显缩短解除了MHO10组和MHO11组0.5 d的产酸滞后期,并提高了总VFA产量,3 d时,MHO10C组、MHO11C组的总VFA浓度分别比MHO10组提高了23.61%、50.12%.MHO10组、MHO10C组和MHO11C组VFA的主要组分均为乙酸、异戊酸、正丁酸,而MHO11组VFA的主要组分为乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸,在各组的优化水解酸化时间,3种主要的VFA组分之和均占总VFA的75%以上,其中乙酸所占比例均在41%以上.     

微好氧水解酸化在石化废水预处理中的应用研究

应用微好氧水解酸化技术对北方某石化污水厂进行了改造,投产后对其进行了跟踪监测.结果表明,在进水COD为490.3~673.2 mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h以及溶解氧(DO)控制在0.2~0.35 mg·L-1条件下,监测阶段内COD的平均去除率为11.7%,出水和进水相比,BOD5/COD提高了12.4%,UV254值降低了11.2%,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度升高了23.0%.相对分子质量分布测定和好氧生物降解性试验结果表明:石化废水采用微好氧水解酸化预处理后,小分子有机物(1×103)所占比例由59.5%提高至82.1%,而大分子有机物(100×103)所占比例由31.8%降低到14.0%.经微好氧水解酸化预处理后降解性有显著提高,原水COD经48 h好氧处理可降至102.2 mg·L-1,而微好氧水解酸化出水COD经48 h好氧处理可降解至71.5 mg·L-1.微好氧水解酸化出水的SO2-4浓度[(930.7±60.1)mg·L-1]高于进水[(854.3±41.5)mg·L-1],表明微好氧环境对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)有抑制作用.由于硫酸盐的还原受到抑制,减少有毒和恶臭类气体产生,改善了周围环境.     

海洋酸化对大型海藻生长以及磷酸盐、硝酸盐吸收利用的影响

CO2浓度升高导致的海洋酸化会对大型海藻的生长、生理生态以及营养盐的吸收产生影响.本研究分析了3种pH条件下,3种大型海藻[孔石莼、萱藻、小珊瑚藻(钙化藻)]单养和混养的生长以及营养盐(磷酸盐PO34-和硝酸盐NO3-)的吸收利用情况.单养时,孔石莼、萱藻、小珊瑚藻的第10 d湿重增加百分比分别在pH 7.9、7.6、8.2条件下最多,并且小珊瑚藻在pH 7.6时的相对增长率显著低于在pH 8.2时的相对增长率.混养结果表明,低pH有利于萱藻生长,而高pH有利于小珊瑚藻生长.无论单养还是混养,3种pH条件下的培养液中PO34-、NO3-含量随时间延长而逐渐降低.在0～2 d培养液中PO34-含量急剧下降(降低了71.9%～99.0%),随后PO34-含量下降缓慢.单养时,孔石莼、萱藻、小珊瑚藻分别在pH 8.2、8.2、7.6时的PO34-吸收速率最高;孔石莼、小珊瑚藻分别在pH 8.2、7.6时的NO3-吸收速率最高.混养时,孔石莼+萱藻、孔石莼+小珊瑚藻、萱藻+小珊瑚藻分别在pH 7.6、8.2、8.2时的PO34-吸收速率最高;孔石莼+小珊瑚藻在pH 7.6时的NO3-吸收速率最高.小珊瑚藻单养在pH 7.6时的低生长以及营养盐(PO34-和NO3-)的高吸收速率结果表明,PO34-和NO3-的吸收与同化作用并不相偶联.尽管两种藻混养中的优势种并未因海洋酸化而改变,但藻的种类组成比例发生了变化.因此,自然环境中海洋酸化对不同海藻的生长和营养盐吸收的长期影响可能会导致藻群落结构的改变.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱除不同煤种硫分实验研究

利用氧化亚铁硫杆菌对煤中硫分的脱除作用,探讨了其对3种不同地域且不同矿物含量煤的脱硫作用。进行了未酸化与酸化处理煤样脱硫试验、温度影响试验、初始pH值影响试验。结果表明：未预处理条件下煤样I、n、Ⅲ的脱硫率分别为29．3％、3．9％、3．5％,酸处理后迭到39．8％、40．7％、4．2％。煤样Ⅰ、Ⅱ的最佳脱硫温度分别为35℃、30℃;温度30℃,初始pH为2．3时,煤样Ⅰ、Л的脱硫效果最好,分别为54％、67％;温度和pH的变化对煤样山的影响不大。30℃,初始pH为2．3时煤样Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的黄铁矿硫去除率分别为77％、83％、67％。