气浮-水解酸化-SBR工艺在屠宰废水处理中的应用研究

屠宰废水具有有机物含量高、可生化性较好等特点,因此生化处理是屠宰废水的主要工艺。某公司对屠宰废水采用"气浮-水解酸化-SBR"工艺进行处理,废水处理结果表明,当废水进水SS、COD cr、BOD5、NH3-N平均浓度分别为580 mg/L、1 900 mg/L、1 140 mg/L、54 mg/L时,出水SS、COD cr、BOD5、NH3-N平均浓度分别为45 mg/L、55 mg/L、15 mg/L、10 mg/L,出水水质指标满足《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13457-92)的一级排放标准要求,废水中SS、COD cr、BOD5、NH3-N平均去除率分别为92%、97%、98.5%、72%。     

水解(酸化)处理水产品废水的生物降解动力学研究

对水解(酸化)反应器处理水产品加工废水进行了试验研究，研究结果表明，在水温为20℃左右、进水COD为1100mg／L左右、水力停留时间大于2h的条件下，无需曝气作用，水解(酸化)反应器对水产品加工废水中COD的去除率大于40％。水产品加工废水具有较好的可生化性，水解(酸化)反应器对该废水可生化性能的改善作用不明显。利用Eckenfelder生物滤池数学模式对水解(酸化)反应器进行了分析，得到了水解(酸化)反应器处理水产品加工废水的生物处理动力学方程：Sc／SD=e^-0.23D/L^0.24。     

Rapid assessment of management options for promoting stock rebuilding in data-poor species under climate change

The development of species recovery plans requires considering likely outcomes of different management interventions, but the complicating effects of climate change are rarely evaluated. We examined how qualitative network models (QNMs) can be deployed to support decision making when data, time, and funding limitations restrict use of more demanding quantitative methods. We used QNMs to evaluate management interventions intended to promote the rebuilding of a collapsed stock of blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) (BKC) around the Pribilof Islands (eastern Bering Sea) to determine how their potential efficacy may change under climate change. Based on stakeholder input and a literature review, we constructed a QNM that described the life cycle of BKC, key ecological interactions, potential climate-change impacts, relative interaction strengths, and uncertainty in terms of interaction strengths and link presence. We performed sensitivity analyses to identify key sources of prediction uncertainty. Under a scenario of no climate change, predicted increases in BKC were reliable only when stock enhancement was implemented in a BKC hatchery-program scenario. However, when climate change was accounted for, the intervention could not counteract its adverse impacts, which had an overall negative effect on BKC. The remaining management scenarios related to changes in fishing effort on BKC predators. For those scenarios, BKC outcomes were unreliable, but climate change further decreased the probability of observing recovery. Including information on relative interaction strengths increased the likelihood of predicting positive outcomes for BKC approximately 5–50% under the management scenarios. The largest gains in prediction precision will be made by reducing uncertainty associated with ecological interactions between adult BKC and red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). Qualitative network models are useful options when data are limited, but they remain underutilized in conservation.     

A Comparison of Loch Chemistry from 1955 and 1999 in the Cairngorms,N.E. Scotland

The Cairngorms in north-east Scotland is remote from pollutant sources although it currently receives ca. 10 kg ha¹ yr¹ S and ca. 11 kg ha¹ yr¹ N deposition from the atmosphere.In 1955, 15 lochs (lakes) at a range of altitudes were sampled and analysed for major ion concentrations. A new survey of these and an additional 23 lochs and their catchment soils was conducted in 1999 to determine the impact of acid deposition, and the changes in loch chemistry since the 1955 survey. The bedrock geology of this region has a strong influence on the loch chemistry. Surface waters were generally more acidic in high altitude areas due to predominantly poorly buffered, thin alpine soils developed on granitic parent material (mean acid neutralising capacity (ANC) for 23 lochs = 30 eq L¹). At lower altitudes where the geology is dominated by Dalradian metamorphic rocks surface waters are comparatively base rich and have higher ANC (mean ANC for 15 lochs = 157 eq L¹). Surface water nitrate concentrations show a negative relationship with soil C:N status, in that higher nitrate only occurs at low soil C:N ratios. A comparison of data for 1955 and 1999 shows that sulphate concentrations are significantly lower (67.8 and 47.5 eq L¹, respectively), and pH has improved (pH 5.6 and 5.9) in response to decreased S deposition since the mid 1970s. However, mean nitrate concentrations were found to increase from 2.48 >eq L¹ in 1955 to 5.65 eq L¹ in 1999. Differences in the sampling and laboratory methods from 1955 and 1999 are acknowledged in the interpretation of data.     

南京市降水化学成分特征及变化趋势

通过对１９９２－１９９８年南京市降水化学成分特征及其变化趋势的分析，表明南京市降以化明显，但无恶化迹象，降水化学成分中ＳＯ＾２－４对酸化起主要作用，但其作用呈下降趋势，而ＮＯ＾－３，Ｃｌ＾－的作用呈上升趋势。Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾４＋在中和降水的酸性方面起十分重要的作用，Ｃａ＾２＋的作用逐渐减弱，而ＮＨ＾＋４的作用则逐渐增大。     

水解酸化-生物接触氧化-混凝气浮工艺处理印染废水

根据印染废水水质特点,选择了水解酸化生物接触氧化混凝气浮处理工艺。运行结果表明:在平均进水水质CODCr1100mgL,BOD5294.5mgL,SS197.2mgL,色度580倍的条件下,其去除率分别为89.6%、89.4%、71.0%和87.8%,出水水质可达到(GB428792)中的二级标准。     

抗生素废水对Q67的急性毒性和对AHH的诱导

利用Q67发光菌 (Vibrio qinghaiensissp .Nov . Q67)和鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶 (AHH)体外诱导实验评估某酸化处理工艺对抗生素废水的处理效果 ,探讨除利用常规的理化指标监测水质外 ,生物监测的必要性。      

电子受体冲击条件下低有机质剩余污泥的高温厌氧水解酸化性能

剩余污泥水解酸化是其后续能源资源化的重要前提保障技术。针对低有机质剩余污泥,在55 ℃高温运行条件下,研究了电子受体冲击对剩余污泥水解酸化运行性能的影响,重点考察了水解酸化过程中水解、酸化效果和氮磷营养元素的释放。结果表明：采用短时曝气冲击模式能够有效提高厌氧水解酸化过程中污泥的去除率,短时曝气和对照组条件下污泥挥发性悬浮固体去除率分别为40%和31%。电子受体冲击条件下增加了溶解性化学需氧量(重铬酸钾法)的产率,尤其是蛋白质产率。引入电子受体冲击主要改善固体物质的降解效率,并不影响酸化的代谢模式,酸化产生的挥发性脂肪酸主要以丁酸型为主。氨氮释放、三维荧光和分子量分布均表明蛋白质类物质的差异主要在于水解阶段产生溶解性蛋白质浓度不同,而不是酸化阶段造成的差异。电子受体冲击尤其是短时曝气冲击是强化污泥水解酸化的有效技术途径。     

低分子有机酸对硫杆菌活性的抑制作用及对土壤重金属脱除的影响

施用有机肥能够降低污染土壤重金属溶解性和生物可利用性,但在淹水厌氧等环境中,有机肥会分解产生大量低分子有机酸,会抑制嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物活性.通过摇瓶实验研究了低分子有机酸对硫杆菌的毒害抑制效果和不同硫杆菌对各类有机酸的耐受水平.结果表明,纯体系培养下,A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans活性抑制率在72 h内达到90%以上,所需甲、乙、丙、丁酸最低浓度分别为41.2、78.3、43.2、123.4 mg·L~(-1)和81.9、230.4、170.1、123.4 mg·L~(-1).其中,甲酸对A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans的抑制作用最显著,A.thiooxidans相比A.ferrooxidans对4种有机酸具有更高的耐受性.新鲜重金属污染土壤在生物酸化初期(0 h)加入4种有机酸对后续土壤酸化过程影响较小,但12 h后加入有机酸却能使土壤生物酸化基本停止,导致土壤重金属脱除率大幅度下降.这为有机肥改良重金属污染土壤的生物修复可行性提供一定理论依据.     

氮循环的人为干扰与土壤酸化

从生物地球化学循环的观点出发 ,研究了N循环的人为干扰与土壤酸化的关系 ,并探讨了N循环扰动下导致土壤酸化的机理。在土壤酸化中 ,人类对N循环干扰起作用最大的是对大气中NOx 排放的影响以及对N固定的影响 ;前者通过酸雨导致土壤酸化 ,后者则通过施肥导致土壤酸化。