国外二噁污染及有关标准

文章论述了二的化学成分及主要来源 ;二的毒性 ;日本、美国、德国等国二恶英污染状况及各国制定的标准     

Three-dimensional patterns of moisture, water repellency, bromide and pH in a sandy soil

Soil water repellency might lead to preferential flow of water and solutes through the unsaturated zone of soils. To study this process in a water repellent sandy field soil, a bromide tracer had been applied on a 2.2 m long and 0.4 m wide plot. The bromide application rate was 8 g/m², and the plot was sampled using 100 cm³ steel cylinders after 52 mm of rainfall in 12 days. A total of seven layers were sampled to a depth of 74 cm. Each layer was sampled at 240 locations in a 40 by 6 grid. All samples were used for the determination of soil water content, degree of actual and potential water repellency, bromide concentration and pH. The spatial distribution of these properties was visualized three-dimensionally and compared. The degree of water repellency, bromide concentration, and pH distribution bore close resemblance to the fingered flow induced soil water content distribution. The degree of potential water repellency was relatively low in places with such fingers. Actual water repellency occurred between the fingers at the dry spots. Bromide was not found, or only in very low concentrations, in such places. Bromide depth profiles clearly indicated the occurrence of diverging flow in the wetter subsoil. Most likely, manuring activities during the last decades resulted in relatively high pH values in the topsoil, and in the subsoil along the recurring fingered flow pathways.     

Hydrological and geochemical factors affecting leachate composition in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash: Part I: The hydrology of Landfill Lostorf, Switzerland

The objective of the investigation of the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash landfill, Landfill Lostorf, was to determine the residence time of water in the landfill and the flow paths through the landfill. Over a period of 22 months, measurements of rainfall, landfill discharge and leachate electrical conductivity were recorded and tracer experiments made. Over the yearly period 1995, approximately 50% of the incident rainfall was measured in the discharge. An analysis of single rain events showed that in winter, 90–100% of rainfall was expressed in the landfill discharge, whereas in summer months, the value was between 9 and 40% depending on the intensity of the rain event. The response to rainfall was rapid. Within 30–100 h, approximately 50% of water discharged in response to a rain event had left the landfill. The discharge was less than 4 l/min for approximately 50% of the measurement periods. Qualitative tracer studies with fluorescein, pyranine and iodide clearly showed the existence of preferential flow paths. This was further substantiated by quantitative tracer studies of single rain events using / ratios and electrical conductivity measurements. The proportion of rainwater passing directly through the landfill was found to be between 20 and 80% in summer months and around 10% in winter months. The difference has been ascribed to the water content in the landfill. The average residence time of the water within the landfill has been estimated to be roughly 3 years and this water is the predominant component in the discharge over a yearly period.     

Combined effects of mercury and hexachlorobenzene in the rat

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to assess the potential interactive effects of two Great Lakes chemical contaminants, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mercury (HgCl₂). Groups of 10 female Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered by gavage single doses of HCB (400, 600 mg/kg b.w. in corn oil), HgCl₂ (10.0, 12.5 mg/kg b.w. aqueous) or combinations of both followed by observation for clinical signs of toxicity for 14 days. Five animals from treatment groups died before the termination of the study; one animal each in 600 mg HCB, 400 mg HCB + 10 mg HgCl₂, and 600 mg HCB + 10 mg HgCl₂, and two animals in 600 mg HCB + 12.5 mg HgCl₂. The surviving animals were necropsied at the termination of the study, and hematological, clinical chemistry, histopathological and tissue residue analyses were performed. Relative liver weights were increased in both low and high dose groups of HCB but not in animals treated with HgCl₂ alone. Co‐administration of HgCl₂ did not alter the HCB effects on the liver weight of the animals. Serum cholesterol levels were increased in all the groups receiving HCB but not HgCl₂. No interactive effects on other serum parameters were seen in animals administered with both chemicals. Mild to moderate morphological changes occurred in the liver, thyroid, thymus, ovary and bone marrow of rats exposed to HCB or HCB + HgCl₂, and in the kidney of HgCl₂ or HgCl₂ + HCB treated animals. More severe histological changes occurred in the groups receiving both chemicals. The histological effects appeared to be additive. It was concluded that co‐administration with HCB and HgCl₂ resulted in additive effects in some of the endpoints measured but no synergism or antagonism was observed.     

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in selected medicinal plants collected from Khetri copper mines and comparison with those collected from fertile soil in Haridwar,India

Heavy metal distribution in medicinal plants is gaining importance not only as an alternative medicine, but also for possible concern due to effects of metal toxicity. The present study has been focused on emphasizing the heavy metal status and bioaccumulation factors of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se (essential metals) and Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb (potentially toxic metals) in medicinal plants grown under two different environmental conditions e.g., near to Khetri copper mine and those in fertile soils of Haridwar, both in India, using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (relative method) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The copper levels in the medicinal plants from Khetri were found to be 3-4 folds higher (31.6–76.5 mg kg^?1) than those from Haridwar samples (7.40–15.3 mg kg^?1), which is correlated with very high copper levels (763 mg kg^?1) in Khetri soil. Among various heavy metals, Cr (2.60–5.92 mg kg^?1), Cd (1.47–2.97 mg kg^?1) and Pb (3.97–6.63 mg kg^?1) are also higher in concentration in the medicinal plants from Khetri. The essential metals like Mn (36.4–69.3 mg kg^?1), Fe (192–601 mg kg^?1), Zn (24.9–49.9 mg kg^?1) and Se (0.13–0.91 mg kg^?1) and potentially toxic metals like Ni (3.09–9.01 mg kg^?1) and As (0.41–2.09 mg kg^?1) did not show much variations in concentration in the medicinal plants from both Khetri and Haridwar. The medicinal plants from Khetri, e.g., Ocimum sanctum, Cassia fistula, Withania somnifera and Azadirachta Indica were found rich in Ca and Mg contents while Aloe barbadensis showed moderately high Ca and Mg. Higher levels of Ca-Mg were found to correlate with Zn (except Azadirachta Indica). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFS) of the heavy metals were estimated to understand the soil-to-plant transfer pattern of the heavy metals. Significantly lower BAF values of Cu and Cr were found in the medicinal plants from Khetri, indicating majority fraction of these metals are precipitated and were immobilized species unsuitable for plant uptake. Overall, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) showed very high metal bioaccumulation.     

EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES,BOISE RWER,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Aquatic communities in the Boise River were examined from October 1987 to March 1988 to determine whether they were adversely affected by trace elements in effluents from two Boise wastewater treatment facilities. Trace-element concentrations in the Boise River were less than or near analytical-detection levels and were less than chronic toxicity criteria when detectable. Insect communities colonizing artificial substrates upstream and downstream from the wastewater treatment facilities were strongly associated, and coefficients of community loss indicated that effluents had benign enriching effects. The distributions of trace-element-intolerant mayflies indicated that trace-element concentrations in effluents did not adversely affect intolerant organisms in the Boise River. Condition factor of whitefish was significantly increased downstream from the Lander Street wastewater treatment facility and was significantly decreased downstream from the West Boise wastewater treatment facility.     

Effects of rare earth elements La and Yb on the morphological and functional development of zebrafish embryos

In recent years, with the wide applications and mineral exploitation of rare earth elements, their potential environmental and health effects have caused increasing public concern. Effect of rare earth elements La and Yb on the morphological and functional development of zebrafish embryos were studied. The embryos were exposed to La³⁺ or Yb³⁺ at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L, respectively. Early life stage parameters such as egg and embryo mortality, gastrula development, tail detachment, eyes, somite formation, circulatory system, pigmentation, malformations, hatching rate, length of larvae and mortality were investigated. The results showed La³⁺ and Yb³⁺ delayed zebrafish embryo and larval development, decreased survival and hatching rates, and caused tail malformation in a concentration-dependent way. Moreover, heavy rare-earth ytterbium led to more severe acute toxicity of zebrafish embryo than light rare-earth lanthanum.     

Toxicity and subcellular distribution of cadmium in wheat as affected by dissolved organic acids

We aim to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) and citric acid (CA) on the toxicity and subcellular distribution of Cd in wheat. Results show that the toxicity and uptake of Cd decreased with increasing HA. The EC₅₀ values of Cd increased from 3.36 μmol/L to 4.96 and 7.33 μmol/L at 50 and 250 mg/L HA, respectively, but decreased to 1.39 μmol/L in the presence of CA based on free ion activity model (FIAM). HA decreased the relative subcellular distribution of Cd in the heat-denatured proteins (decreased from 54% to 33%) but increased Cd in the heat-stable proteins in root (from 25% to 50%) at 7.61 μmol/L {Cd²⁺} (free Cd activity), which resulted in decreasing Cd toxicity. However, CA increased Cd toxicity due to the increased internalization of Cd although the relative subcellular distributions of Cd exhibited a decrease in the heat-denatured proteins and increase in the granule fraction compared to the control at high-level Cd. The FIAM could not predict the toxicity of Cd in the presence of organic acids. Alternatively, the internal Cd accumulation and subcellular Cd concentration were better to describe the toxicity of Cd to wheat.     

低剂量长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙精巢组织关键酶活性的影响

在实验条件下,将健康的性成熟雄性黑斑蛙暴露于0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6mg·L-1的Pb2+溶液中30d,以Ca2+-ATP酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶、β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β-DG)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性为指标,进行了长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙生殖毒性的研究.结果表明:随着铅染毒剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性被诱导,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶活性被抑制,当Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的抑制程度超过Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶的代偿机制时,会抑制精子的发生,进而导致雄性生殖毒性;在1.6mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,ACP酶被显著抑制,提示支持细胞受损,精子总数受到影响;在0.4mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,LDH酶被显著抑制,提示生精细胞受损,精子质量受到影响.     

基于GLM模型和神经网络研究芳烃化合物对藻类毒性

工业的快速发展和溢油事故的频繁发生所产生的大量芳烃化合物正威胁海洋生态系统的健康,建立芳烃化合物物化性质与小球藻急性毒性间的非线性模型,是预测未知芳烃化合物对藻类毒性的主要手段之一.本研究以实验获取的25种芳烃化合物对小球藻96h的毒性数据为基础,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法,在6-311G**基组上全优化计算25种芳烃化合物结构参数和热力学参数,通过逐步广义线性回归(GLM)、小波神经网络(WNN)和T-S模糊神经网络(T-SFNN)等方法,对芳烃化合物物化性质和藻类抑制毒性的非线性关系进行拟合和逼近.F检验表明,逐步GLM方程是显著的(p<0.001).配对t检验表明,GLM、WNN、T-SFNN3种模型都是可信的;决定系数(R2>0.96)表明3个模型具有很高的精确性.上述结果证明本文建立的模型具有良好的拟合度和解释能力,可以预测未知芳烃化合物对小球藻的急性毒性.模型误差计算结果表明,WNN的精度最高(mse=0.0076,mae=0.0533),采用WNN方法进行建模,预测未知芳烃化合物对小球藻的急性毒性是最合适的.