2种海水轮虫对UV-B辐射敏感性的比较

运用生态毒理学方法研究了褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)和壶状臂尾轮虫(B.urceolaris)对UV-B辐射的敏感性。结果表明:UV-B辐射对轮虫有较大的伤害作用,且当辐射强度达一定阈值会对其产生急性致死作用。UV-B辐射对褶皱臂尾轮虫24、48和96 h的半致死剂量分别为4.393、2.694和1.720 kJ/m2,对壶状臂尾轮虫24、48和96 h的半致死剂量分别为5.856、4.516和1.730 kJ/m2;而UV-B辐射对2种轮虫的急性致死强度阈值均为(50±10)μW/cm2。由此可以看出,在实验所用的UV-B辐射强度剂量范围内,褶皱臂尾轮虫在UV-B辐射处理后的24和48 h对UV-B辐射的敏感性要大于壶状臂尾轮虫,而在处理后的96 h,2种轮虫对UV-B辐射的敏感性则无显著差别。     

3种典型污染物对水生生物的急性毒性效应及其水质基准比较

我国本土水生生物急性毒性数据较少,通过研究Cr(Ⅵ)、2,4,6-三氯酚和硝基苯对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)和摇蚊幼虫(Chironomidae larvae)的急性毒性效应,为制定和完善我国水质基准提供本土数据支持.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)、2,4,6-三氯酚和硝基苯对蛋白核小球藻的96 h半抑制效应浓度(96 h-EC50)依次为1.34、4.55和86.58 mg·L-1;对斜生栅藻的96 h-EC50依次为19.52、3.71和74.15 mg·L-1;当Cr(Ⅵ)达到1 500 mg·L-1时,摇蚊幼虫48 h死亡率仅为15%,2,4,6-三氯酚和硝基苯对摇蚊幼虫的48 h半致死效应浓度(48 h-LC50)分别为9.29 mg·L-1和98.34 mg·L-1.3种典型污染物的毒性评估结果显示,Cr(Ⅵ)对小球藻为高等毒性、对斜生栅藻为中等毒性,2,4,6-三氯酚对两种微藻均为高等毒性,硝基苯对两种微藻均为中等毒性;3种污染物对摇蚊幼虫的毒性顺序为:2,4,6-三氯酚>硝基苯>Cr(Ⅵ).     

土壤铅镉铬暴露下赤子爱胜蚓的回避行为和急性毒性

为了评价土壤重金属污染的生态毒理学效应,根据OECD(经济合作与发展组织)试验指南,研究了人工土壤中Pb、Cd、Cr暴露下赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的回避行为和急性毒性. 回避试验结果表明:赤子爱胜蚓产生完全回避反应的土壤w(Pb)、w(Cd)、w(Cr)分别为2 000、120、120 mg/kg. 急性毒性试验的结果表明,土壤Pb、Cd、Cr对赤子爱胜蚓14 d LD₅₀(半数致死浓度)的分别为2 526.05、362.83、229.44 mg/kg. 在检测Pb、Cd和Cr污染土壤时,赤子爱胜蚓回避试验的灵敏度要高于急性毒性试验. 该研究结果揭示出,赤子爱胜蚓的回避行为指标能够成为土壤生态系统风险评价和毒性效应研究的生物标志物预警指标.      

四溴联苯醚对剑尾鱼毒性及其抗氧化系统的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(tetrabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-47)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BDE-47对剑尾鱼毒性作用属于高毒.GST和EROD...     

Organic pollutants removal from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene （TNT） red water using low cost activated coke

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water from Chinese explosive industry was adsorbed by activated coke (AC) from lignite. Since the composition of TNT red water was very complicated, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used as the index for evaluating the treatment efficiency. This study focused on the sorption kinetics and equilibrium sorption isotherms of AC for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from TNT red water, and the changes of water quality before and after adsorption were evaluated by using high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), UV-vis spectra and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The results showed that the sorption kinetics of adsorbing COD from TNT red water onto AC was fitted well with the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption process was an exothermic and physical process. The sorption isotherm was in good agreement with Redlich–Peterson isotherm. At the conditions of initial pH, 20℃ and 3 hr of agitation, when the AC dosage was 160 g L-1, 64.8% of COD could be removed. The removal efficiencies of 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO3-) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO3-) were 80.5% and 84.3%, respectively. After adsorption, the acute toxicity of TNT red water reduced 81.8%, compared with that of unprocessed TNT red water.     

纳米银毒理学研究进展

纳米银因其优越的抗菌性能被广泛应用于环境、农业、医药等领域。以往的研究从体内试验和体外试验方面对纳米银的健康影响及其作用机制进行了探讨,然而,由于研究设计或研究条件等方面的限制,以往的研究结果仍存在一些不足,迄今为止,有关纳米银对健康的影响及其作用机制仍不很清楚。综述了近年来在纳米银毒理学研究方面所取得的进展以及目前研究中的不足,并展望了未来研究的方向。     

聚天冬氨酸的环境影响研究

对聚天冬氨酸(PASP)的环境影响进行了综合研究。好氧生物降解性试验表明,PASP属易生物降解性有机物。种子发芽试验显示,1000mg L以下的PASP对单子叶植物(小麦)和双子叶植物(黄瓜)的发芽率和芽形态无显著影响。小鼠急性毒性试验表明,LD50≥5000mg kg,PASP为实际无毒物质。微核试验中,剂量≤5 0g kg时,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核的发生率与阴性对照相近,PASP不是染色体畸变型致突变物质。Ames试验显示,对TA97,TA98,TA100和TA102菌株,在加与不加S9,剂量为0 008～5mg 皿时,PASP的诱变指数最大值为1 45,诱变指数最小值为0 67,呈阴性,PASP也不是基因突变型致突变物质。综合各试验结果,可以初步认为PASP是环境友好型化合物。      

管理毒理学在化学品管理中的应用

对联合国GHS和欧盟REACH化学品管理制度做了介绍,简述了管理毒理学在化学品管理中的应用以及化学品健康和环境危险评定的一般程序,希望能引起国内相关工作者的重视,进一步加深对GHS和REACH的全面认识.     

两种硝基氯苯对鲤鱼的急性毒性

采用鲤鱼(Brocarded Carp)为试验生物对对氯硝基苯(P-NCB)和2,4-二硝基氯苯(DNCB)2种化合物进行了静态方式的急性毒性试验。结果表明,96h后,对氯硝基苯试液中鲤鱼24h 100%死亡浓度(24h LC100)和96h无死亡浓度(96h LC0)分别为:40mg/L和5mg/L;在25～27℃下,96h的LC50为22.13 mg/L。2,4-二硝基氯苯试液中鲤鱼24h 100%死亡浓度(24h LC100)和96h无死亡浓度(96hLC0)分别为:1.0mg/L和0.5mg/L;在20～22℃下,96h的LC50为0.692 mg/L。该研究表明,对氯硝基苯和2,4-二硝基氯苯对鱼类分别属于高毒物质和剧毒物质。     

Toxicity-based assessment of the treatment performance of wastewater treatment and reclamation processes

The reclamation and reuse of wastewater is one of the possible ways to relieve the serious fresh water resource crisis in China. Efficient reclamation treatment technologies ensure the safe reuse of reclaimed water. In order to screen out and evaluate technologies appropriate for reclamation treatment, a great deal of efforts have been brought to bear. In the present study, a toxicity-based method including a Photobacterium phosphoreum test for acute toxicity and SOS/umu test for genotoxicity, accompanied by the traditional physicochemical parameters DOC (dissolved organic carbon) and UV₂₅₄ (absorbance at 254 nm), was used to measure the treatment performance of different reclamation processes, including the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic biological process (A²O) and subsequent physical/chemical reclamation processes (ultrafiltration, ozonation, chlorination). It was found that for the secondary effluent after the A²O process, both the toxicity and physicochemical indices had greatly decreased compared with those of the influent. However, chemical reclamation processes such as ozonation and chlorination could possibly raise toxicity levels again. Fortunately, the toxicity elevation could be avoided by optimizing the ozone dosage and using activated carbon after ozonation. It was noted that by increasing the ozone dosage to 10 mg/L and employing activated carbon with more than 10 min hydraulic retention time, toxicity elevation was controlled. Furthermore, it was shown that pre-ozonation before activated carbon and chlorination played an important role in removing organic compounds and reducing the toxicity formation potential. The toxicity test could serve as a valuable tool to evaluate the performance of reclamation processes.