Modeling Hydrological and Environmental Consequences of Climate Change and Urbanization in the Boise River Watershed,Idaho

The potential impacts driven by climate variability and urbanization in the Boise River Watershed (BRW), located in southwestern Idaho, are evaluated. The outcomes from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) and land use and land cover (LULC) analysis have been incorporated into a hydrological and environmental modeling framework to characterize how climate variability and urbanization can affect the local hydrology and environment at the BRW. The combined impacts of future climate and LULC change are also evaluated relative to the historical baseline conditions. For modeling exercises, Hydrological Simulation Program‐Fortran (HSPF) is used in parallel computing and statistical techniques, including spatial downscaling and bias correlation, are employed to evaluate climate consequences derived from GCMs as well. The implications of climate variability and land use change driven by urbanization are then observed to evaluate how these overall global challenges can affect water quantity and quality conditions at the BRW. The results show the combined impacts of both climate change and urbanization can lead to more seasonal variability of streamflow (from ?27.5% to 12.5%) and water quality, including sediment (from ?36.5% to 49.3%), nitrogen (from ?24% to 124.2%), and phosphorus (from ?13.3% to 21.2%) during summer and early fall over the next several decades.     

二次电池电极材料环境影响计算系统

以生命周期评价理论为基础,建立了电极材料电化学性能与环境影响的内在量化关联关系分析方法。基于Java语言,设计和编写了二次电池电极材料环境影响综合计算系统,协调考虑了二次电池的循环特性、电化学特征等,实现了环境影响评价过程中对材料质量需求的便捷计算,进而实现了整个评价操作过程的综合化、软件化和信息化,提高了评价效率。选用LiFePO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)PO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Mn_(0.02)PO_4/C和FeF_3(H_2O)_3/C 4种正极材料基于此系统进行了实例应用。     

中国西南喀斯特森林土壤有机碳空间变化及影响因素

喀斯特地区土壤碳储量及其影响因素的认识是评估我国陆地土壤生态系统碳汇能力不可或缺的内容。本文通过对中国西南北起秦岭北坡南至中越边境一条剖面上土壤有机碳的分析,研究了喀斯特森林0~10cm土壤有机碳空间变化及其控制因素。研究发现西南地区土壤有机碳含量和碳密度平均为32.3 g/kg和33.1t/hm2。无论是在整个西南区还是其省市范围内,二者均低于非喀斯特森林土壤。通径分析表明,影响喀斯特表层土壤碳含量和密度的主要因素有土壤容重、地形海拔和有机质C/N;粘粒含量和年平均气温的影响很小,而降水量仅在地处最北部的陕西省构成了土壤碳密度的影响因素。此现象与世界许多地区特别是高纬度地区形成鲜明对比。本研究结果表明,不同区域/气候带土壤碳库的主要影响因素会存在很大差异,这对认识气候变化背景下土壤碳库的反馈作用具有重要意义。     

土壤碳淋溶流失研究进展

土壤碳的淋溶流失是指在水的作用下土壤中的碳沿着水文路径转移到水环境的过程。尽管这些流失量有限,却对陆地碳平衡核算具有重要影响。本文在总结了土壤碳淋溶流失研究的重要性、近年来相关领域取得的进展的基础上,指出已有研究的不足有:对土壤无机碳(SIC)的淋溶流失研究薄弱、缺乏野外实地观测、对土地利用变化影响土壤碳淋溶流失的过程与机制认识不足等。今后除了加强以上几个方面的研究外,还要综合利用同位素示踪和在线仪器观测等各种手段,开展"陆地-水生系统连续体"内多界面碳交换的综合研究。     

鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷形态及对水位变化响应

选取鄱阳湖枯水期不同高程出露表层沉积物,通过研究有机磷含量及形态差异,试图揭示江湖关系变化引起的水位下降对鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷潜在释放风险的影响.结果表明:1鄱阳湖枯水期表层沉积物有机磷含量(115.2~448.3 mg·kg-1)占总磷的19.3%~45.1%,有机磷含量空间分布呈"五河"入湖尾闾区高于湖心区和北部湖区.2鄱阳湖表层沉积物各形态有机磷含量大小顺序为:残渣态有机磷盐酸提取有机磷胡敏酸有机磷碳酸氢钠提取有机磷富里酸有机磷.3水位下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长是引起鄱阳湖不同高程沉积物有机磷形态变化的重要原因.沉积物出露时间越长,碳酸氢钠提取有机磷、盐酸提取有机磷与富里酸有机磷的含量越低,而胡敏酸有机磷和残渣态有机磷含量越高.同时,水位下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长致使活性有机磷和中活性有机磷占总有机磷比例下降,而非活性有机磷占总有机磷比例增加,反映了沉积物出露时间延长可能会促进有机磷形态由活性向非活性转化,在一定程度上能够降低沉积物有机磷的潜在性风险.     

Case Study Comparing Multiple Irrigated Land Datasets in Arizona and Colorado,USA

While there are currently a number of irrigated land datasets available for the western United States (U.S.), there is uncertainty regarding in how they relate to each other. To help understand the characteristics of available irrigated datasets, we compared (1) the Cropland Data Layer (CDL), (2) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Irrigated Agriculture Dataset (IAD), (3) Digitized Irrigated Land (DIL), and (4) Consumptive Use for Irrigation (CUI) data in Arizona and Colorado, U.S. These datasets were derived from multiple sources at various spatial resolutions and temporal scales. We found spatial and temporal trends among all of them. The datasets showed decreases in irrigated land area in Arizona during the 2000–2010 time period. The change ranges and ratios were similar in all Arizona datasets. Irrigated land in Colorado decreased in DIL and CUI but increased in IAD and CDL. The agreement within the same type of dataset during different time periods was from 60% to 80% (R² from 0.35 to 0.72) in Arizona and from 50% to 80% (R² from 0.23 to 0.68) in Colorado. DIL had the highest agreement (80%) in both states. The agreement among different datasets acquired at approximately the same time frame ranged from 51% to 63% (R² from 0.14 to 0.31) in Arizona and from 47% to 69% (R² from 0.32 to 0.40) in Colorado. The results from this study support a greater understanding of the multiresolution and multitemporal nature of these datasets for various applications.     

“We can keep the fire burning”: building action competence through environmental justice education in Uganda and Germany

The global dimensions of climate change necessitate a response that takes national differences – social, economic, geographic, and cultural – into account. Action-oriented education has a key role to play in advancing citizen engagement in a culture of sustainability. This paper describes research conducted with one such education programme, Youth Leading Environmental Change (YLEC), which operates in six countries and engages university-aged youth in discussion and practice related to global sustainability, systems thinking, and environmental justice. YLEC aims to advance four key competencies; this paper focuses on the goal of action competence, which involves acquiring knowledge, reflecting on experience in the context of one’s values, envisioning alternative futures, and acting individually and collectively to advance those alternatives. The present article examines the impacts of YLEC on environmental action competence in two of the countries involved in this research: Uganda and Germany. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants in both countries to examine the development of action competence during and after the programme. Findings suggest that outcomes differed in each country, reflective of participants’ different lived experiences. YLEC effectively built on the conditions faced in each country to accompany youth to a higher level of awareness and action. These findings have implications for environmental education programmes striving to work with multiple nations and diverse participants.     

Engagement with climate change and the environment: a review of the role of relationships to place

A growing body of literature examines how human bonds with place influence engagement with climate change and other environmental issues. Yet, studies in this vein derive from a number of disconnected literatures with a variety of place concepts employed. We set out to assess the current state of knowledge in this field and provide a framework for analysing dimensions of relations to place and their links with environmental engagement. We systematically analysed the characteristics of 66 studies identified for: focus of research, location, methods, and findings, particularly whether relationships to place aided in environmental engagement. We also categorised the studies according to our dimensions of place relations framework, cultural and environmental contexts, and intensity of climate impacts experienced. The answer to our guiding research question – whether place attachment was an effective way to communicate with people about climate change and get them actively engaged with it – was yes (74.2%), but with considerable variation according to these characteristics and dimensions. Based on this analysis, we identify gaps in current research and suggest critical paths for future research, especially in terms of geography and demography because of their implications for justice and equity in the processes of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Needed future research includes studies of place relations in regards to climate change specifically, studies in the Global South, of minority populations, beyond rural areas, and qualitative or mixed-method studies able to draw out the complexities of relations to place.     

可溶性有机质生物改性介导17β-雌二醇生物降解作用

利用元素分析、紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光指数对经过15d生物改性前后腐殖酸的组分和结构进行表征,并比较了生物改性前后3种腐殖酸对17β-雌二醇(E2)的结合作用;而且研究了结合后的腐殖酸介导微生物降解E2的影响.结果表明:经过元素分析后,生物改性前的腐殖酸OLHA、OLFA、OSHA和生物改性后的腐殖酸BLHA、BLFA、BSHA的(N+O)/C值分别为0.801、1.214、0.820和0.629、1.080、0.797;紫外-可见光谱分析生物改性前后的SUVA_(254)指数分别为0.146、0.023、0.073和0.179、0.036、0.011;生物改性前后荧光指数(FI)分别为:0.723、3.385、2.757和0.681、3.017、1.702.上述3种表征手段分析得出腐殖酸的极性是一致的,即改性后的腐殖酸要比改性前的腐殖酸极性小.此外,在30h内5mgC/L的腐殖酸生物改性前后对3mg/L的E2的结合效率分别为31.37%、4.96%、25.86%和37.78%、6.03%、29.92%,明显发现改性后的腐殖酸对E2的结合作用增强;5 mgC/L的腐殖酸生物改性前后对3mg/L的E2的30h内的生物降解效率分别为46.28%、15.96%、38.76%和51.11%、17.30%、44.33%,而且同等浓度下的腐殖酸对E2的结合作用越大其介导微生物降解E2的效果越好.     

南海表层海水参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性研究

为揭示南海北部表层海水中参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性及其与环境因子的关系,本研究以卡尔文循环中的关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型基因(cbbL、cbbM)作为分子标记,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对海水中的固碳基因多样性进行分析,并结合多元统计分析的方法,探讨了固碳基因多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,在南海北部表层海水中,含cbbL基因固碳基因主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,优势亚群分别是γ-变形菌亚门(45.3%)、蓝细菌(30.9%)和β-变形杆菌亚门(23.8%);而含cbbM基因的固碳菌群未检测到;近岸的A9站位与其他站位物种组成有一定的差异,异着色菌属(Allochromatium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫单胞菌属(Thiohalomonas)为其特有菌属.相关性和冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,含cbbL基因的固碳基因丰度与水温、盐度呈显著负相关(p0.01),与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐呈显著正相关(p0.01).