我国七个站点降雨和森林穿冠水中硝态氮同位素丰度

采集了我国7个站点的降雨和森林穿冠水样品,分析测定了水样中硝态氮和总氮的同位素丰度.降雨中硝态氮δ15N值范围为-9.00‰至9.71‰,其中北方站点冬季降雨中硝态氮δ15N值要远高于其他站点,可能是由于北方冬季燃煤供暖所致.穿冠水中硝态氮δ15N值范围为-16.59‰至-0.32‰,比降雨中的硝态氮δ15N值要低,其可能原因是林冠层中存在硝态氮的交换过程,从而产生了分馏作用.降雨和穿冠水中TN的δ15N值范围分别为-7.94‰至-3.07‰和-4.55‰至-1.73‰,其中穿冠水中TN的δ15N值要略高于降雨中的值.     

洱海表层沉积物中总氮含量及氨氮的释放特征

通过现场调查和室内模拟试验,对洱海具有代表性的9个表层沉积物样品中w(TN)的分布特征以及沉积物中NH₄+-N释放动力学特征进行了研究. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TN)在2.0844～6.5153g/kg之间,平均值为3.5378g/kg,北部西岸为高值区,南部(靠近大理市)为次高值区. 一级动力学模型可很好地拟合洱海表层沉积物NH₄+-N释放动力学特征,NH₄+-N最大释放量在0.1209～0.2810g/kg之间;释放主要集中在0~5min内,约占最大释放量的68%~83%;随后释放速率逐渐放缓,到120min后基本达到释放平衡.运用无限稀释法对沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能进行测定表明,洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能在1.7001~3.5879 g/kg之间,在水土质量比约为2500时,NH₄+-N释放量达到最大,随后释放逐渐趋于平衡. 洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能及最大释放量均与其w(TN)呈显著正相关. 洱海沉积物中w(TN)与NH₄+-N释放潜能和最大释放量均高于长江中下游湖泊,具有较大的氮释放风险.      

液氮冻融破碎生物污泥制备生物絮凝剂

利用城市剩余生物污泥,采用液氮冻融破碎、提取液提取的方法制备了生物污泥絮凝剂。对絮凝剂的制备条件及其絮凝性能进行了研究,结果表明:采用液氮冻融破碎,pH为1.0的稀盐酸溶液作为提取液提取所制备的絮凝剂,对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝效率可达98.5%。液氮冻融破碎的次数对絮凝剂制备没有明显影响。同时考察了絮凝剂投加量以及絮凝体系的pH对絮凝剂絮凝活性的影响。     

Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a tidal freshwater marsh

The John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum Marsh contains one of the last remaining tidal freshwater marsh communities along the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River Estuary. The marsh receives a significant load of nutrients and sediment-associated contaminants and is hypothesised to act as an effective trap for these chemicals. The goal of this study was to quantify the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at various trophic levels at two sites within Tinicum Marsh and assess the factors important in determining their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. For both PCBs and PBDEs, lipid variation for all species was a large factor in determining contaminant body burden. Also, concentrations in biota increased with increasing trophic level as determined by nitrogen isotope analysis (δ¹⁵N values) at the downstream site within Tinicum Marsh. This trend was less apparent at the upstream site and may be due to differences in feeding behaviours among species between the two sites and/or differences in carbon and nitrogen sources and recycling. These data are valuable in assisting bioaccumulation/trophic transfer studies and serve as benchmarks to which future PCB and PBDE concentrations will be compared.     

Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay,USA

The decomposition of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the seagrass Thalassia testudinum was examined using litterbags along a natural gradient in nutrient availability. Seagrass leaves had a higher fraction of their biomass in the labile pool (57%), compared to mangrove leaves (36%) and seagrass rhizomes (29%); the overall decomposition rates of the starting material reflected the fractionation into labile and refractory components. There was no relationship between the N or P content of the starting material and the decomposition rate.

Nutrient availability had no influence on decomposition rate, and mass was lost at the same rate from litterbags that were buried in the sediment and litterbags that were left on the sediment surface. The dynamics of N and P content during decomposition varied as a function of starting material and burial state. N content of decomposing mangrove leaves increased, but seagrass rhizomes decreased in N content during decomposition while there was no change in seagrass leaf N content. These same general patterns held for P content, but buried seagrass leaves increased in P content while surficial leaves decreased. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N changed by as much as 2‰ during decomposition.     

Lead-210 and Beryllium-7 in the Aerosol Particles Around Taiwan Off-Shore Areas

Abstract

Distributions of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in the aerosol particles of different size fractions were measured around Taiwan offshore areas from October, 1994 to October, 1995. the size distribution and abundance of the aerosol particles showed both spatial and temporal variations. the particle concentrations off northwestern Taiwan were more than twice as those off northeastern Taiwan both in November and March, and the values were much higher in November than in March for both areas. the measured particle concentrations, except for one sample with an unusually high value, ranged from 10 to 83 μOgm ^?3 in the study areas. the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the aerosol particles filtered from the air mass varied between 20 × 10^?3 and 72 × 10^?3 dpm m^?3 (1dpm = 0.45 pCi). the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the area off southwestern Taiwan appeared somewhat higher than in other areas and were probably contributed by the land air from Taiwan which contains higher ²¹⁰Pb in winter. the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations off northern Taiwan were low in November when the aerosol concentrations were high, but they were high in March when the aerosol concentrations were low.

Based on the ⁷Be monitoring records of 20 years on the aerosol particles of the island by the Taiwan Radiation Monitoring Center, the mean settling rate averaged 0.91, 0.79 and 0.68 cm s^?1, respectively, in northern, central and southern Taiwan. with these values and the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the aerosols, the ²¹⁰Pb flux was determined to be between 0.58 and 2.30 dpm cm^?2y^?1, with an average of 1.19 dpm cm^?2y^?1. Excluding the highest value due to its extremely high ²¹⁰Pb and aerosol concentrations, the average is reduced to 1.05 dpm cm^?2y^?1. the activity median diameters (AMD) for ²¹⁰Pb in the study areas were between 0.69 and < 0.49 μM with a mean of 0.5 öm based on ²¹⁰Pb distributions in different particle size fractions. Thus, ²¹⁰Pb was preferentially adsorbed on to the submicron particles. ⁷Be in the study areas showed a good correlation with ²¹⁰Pb in total activity although the two nucides had different sources.     

洱海北部2种典型种植制度下农田氮污染负荷研究

洱海北部区域农村面源污染是富营养化初期湖泊——洱海氮磷负荷的主要来源.以洱海北部2种典型种植制度下的农田为研究对象,采用现场调查与采样分析相结合的方法,定量分析氮的输入通量(农作物施肥、大气降水降尘、灌水和生物固氮)及输出通量(农田收获物和生物脱氮),并计算其对水环境产生的氮污染负荷净排放量(包括农田地表径流和地下渗透流).结果表明,在水稻-蚕豆种植制度下,农田为环境友好型,基本不向水环境排放氮负荷,净排放量为-30.73 kg·hm-2·a-1,主要氮输入通量为生物固氮(占43.3％),其次为有机肥(占35.O％),且输出通量主要为农作物吸收(占98.5％).在水稻-大蒜种植制度下,农田为环境污染型,净排放量为306.75 kg·hm-2·a-1,主要氮输入通量为肥料(占84.7％),其中化肥占62.1％,而输出通量中水环境排放占45.4％.水稻-大蒜种植制度亟需采取合理施肥和提高肥料利用率等农田污染防治对策.     

O3对水稻叶片氮代谢、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响

臭氧(O3)被认为是重要的气污染物之一,水稻又是主要的粮食作物,因而准确地评估O3浓度升高对水稻生长发育的影响具有十分重要的意义。采用开顶式气室法模拟研究了O3对水稻叶片可见伤害症状、氮代谢、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响。结果显示,O3污染胁迫会导致水稻叶片产生明显的伤害症状,具体表现为:老叶叶鞘褪绿,有褐斑,直至完全干枯;稻穗小且黄化,籽粒不饱满;水稻成熟期提前等。O3浓度升高对水稻叶片的硝酸还原酶活性有显著影响。当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,水稻叶片硝酸还原酶活性与对照组相比均降低,其中,分蘖期分别降低了25.3%、67.4%和86.3%;拔节期分别降低了57.4%、75.7%和97.8%;抽穗期分别降低了91.0%、97.2%和99.3%;乳熟期分别降低了89.5%、89.5%和96.7%。水稻叶片铵态氮和硝态氮含量随着O3浓度的升高而显著地降低,例如当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,与对照相比,水稻叶片硝态氮含量分别降低46.3%、52.7%和65.7%,铵态氮含量分别降低6.5%、12.9%和43.4%。O3污染胁迫下水稻叶片脯氨酸含量在不同生长期变化不同,分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期脯氨酸含量在40nL.L-1浓度O3熏蒸下急剧地提高,但是随着O3浓度的增加,脯氨酸含量又不断地降低。在水稻乳熟期,脯氨酸含量均随着O3浓度的增加而显著地下降。O3污染胁迫导致水稻叶片还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著低于对照组,而氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量显著高于对照组。当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,乳熟期水稻叶片GSH含量分别比对照组降低68.7%、80.2%和78.2%,GSSG含量分别比对照提高494.4%、527.2%和439.8%。研究表明,O3污染胁迫对水稻叶片氮代谢和抗氧化系统产生了极显著的影响。     

模拟氮沉降对木荷人工幼林地土壤氮素、碳素和微生物量垂直分布的影响

以NH4NO3作为氮源,对广州东北郊木荷（Schima superba）人工幼林地进行模拟氮沉降处理,共设置3个氮沉降水平,分别为N0（N：0 g·m-2·a-1）、N5（N：5 g·m-2·a-1）以及N10（N：10 g·m-2·a-1）,每月进行喷施。在连续施氮22个月（当月当次施氮5天后）对土壤氮素（硝氮、氨氮、总氮）、碳素（总碳）以及微生物量（脂磷）在0~60 cm土层中的垂直分布进行研究。结果显示：在3个氮沉降水平下,随着土层加深,pH呈现出下降的趋势,氮沉降存在加剧土壤酸化的风险;在N0、N5、N10水平下,土壤全氮和总碳的垂直分布趋势大体一致,随着土层加深,其含量下降,但在深层土壤（40~60 cm）中,施氮与对照比较,总碳呈现一定的增加趋势;除40~50 cm土层,N5、N10水平下的硝态氮含量在各个深度土壤中都表现为比对照组要高,氮沉降导致土壤一定程度上硝态氮的积累;在浅层土壤（0~20 cm）中,铵态氮水平较低并且其含量明显低于对照组,而在较深的土层中铵态氮有较多的积累,说明存在污染地下水的风险;N5和N10水平下,无机氮比例（无机氮含量与总氮含量之比）在各个深度土壤中总体高于N0水平;用脂磷含量表征土壤微生物含量,结果表明外加氮源对微生物含量有显著性影响,在N5、N10水平下,微生物含量在30~40 cm土层中出现峰值。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的抑制现象

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺因其高效低耗优势,在废水生物脱氮领域中具有广阔的应用前景.然而,基质、有机物、盐度、重金属、磷酸盐及硫化物等物质对Anammox工艺产生的抑制作用制约了工艺的推广应用.基质主要通过游离氨和游离亚硝酸对Anammox产生抑制,而温度和pH是基质抑制的重要调控参数.非致毒性有机物对Anammox的作用因其种类跟浓度而异.在较低的浓度条件下对Anammox的抑制作用不显著,而高于抑制阈值将严重抑制Anammox.其抑制机制尚无定论.部分研究证明致毒性有机物(醇、醛、酚及抗生素等)对Anammox具有抑制作用,但研究有待拓展深化.超过抑制阈值的盐度会抑制Anammox活性,但合适的盐度(3~15 g L-1NaCl)却能够促进Anammox生物颗粒的形成.重金属对Anammox的抑制报道较少.因试验条件及菌种等的差异使得磷酸盐及硫化物对Anammox的抑制在不同试验中存在很大差异.Anammox抑制是可控的,通过pH和温度调节、基质浓度及负荷控制、污泥驯化以及添加辅助剂等方法可解除或缓解抑制.建议今后在特种废水的Anammox脱氮、复合抑制以及Anammox抑制的分子生态学机理等方面开展深入研究.