AESTHETIC PREFERENCE FOR WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS: AN APPLICATION OF Q METHODOLOGY1

ABSTRACT Many of the resources generating aesthetic and visual benefits are publically owned and their optimum use and development depends upon public investment. Traditionally, public investment decisions have been couched in economic terms requiring quantitative measurement of benefits and costs. Since many of the benefits these resources provide are not consumed when they are enjoyed, the total contribution of the resource is imperfectly measured in the usual market sense. Thus, if the provision of these public goods is left to the conventional market mechanism, less than socially optimal investment may occur. This study was designed to investigate whether aesthetic preferences related to water projects could be determined, and whether they differ among different groups of people. A Q sort of 44 photographs of a wide variety of water development projects was conducted with two groups, i.e., photographers (aesthetic man) and town assessors (economic man). The resultant analysis identified two significant factors. Factor 1 provided insight into a hypothesis of nature dominant or man dominant scenes. Factor 2 indicated that the respondents had a negative preference for projects which were in varying stages of completion or appeared to be polluted. Preferences were consistent between the two groups tested. The test revealed that people do not necessarily equate only naturalness with aesthetic appeal, but will accept development as aesthetic, provided that it is designed to complement the natural landscape.     

珠江三角洲一次探空过程风的垂直结构特征研究

应用2004 - 10月在珠江三角洲城市群(番禺)、珠江口沿岸(新垦)和乡村(清远)大气边界层观测的资料,对珠江三角洲大气边界层风的垂直结构特征进行了分析和对比.分析结果表明:受下垫面影响,城市群、乡村和珠江口沿岸的风垂直结构以及其日变化各有特点.城市热岛比较明显,系统风小时可以观测到热岛环流;珠江口沿岸夜间有明显的海...     

好氧活性污泥对水相中Hg~(2+)的吸附特性

通过好氧活性污泥对Hg2+的静态吸附实验,及连续运行条件下,改变进水Hg2+浓度的吸附实验,研究了好氧活性污泥对污水中Hg2+的吸附特性,结果表明:好氧活性污泥对Hg2+的静态吸附集中在前8小时;好氧活性污泥对Hg2+的饱和吸附容量为0.35 mg/g;随着运行时间的增加,不同Hg2+浓度对比组中的活性污泥对Hg2+的去除率均有不同程度的下降;逐步提高进水Hg2+浓度,可以提高活性污泥对Hg2+的吸附能力:连续运行条件下,存在明显的生物吸附作用;在连续运行的过程中,5.73 mg/L的Hg2+对好氧活性污泥去除COD和氨氮的抑制作用不明显,但57.30 mg/L时对COD和氨氮的去除的影响较明显。     

用岩-土显微特征示踪碳酸盐岩母岩的成土过程——以贵阳市大山洞岩-土剖面为例

以贵阳市大山洞岩-土剖面为例,通过对土层及其碳酸盐岩母岩在物质组分、结构构造等显微特征方面的研究,分析碳酸盐岩母岩的成土过程为:母岩在风化作用过程中,碳酸盐类矿物被溶解随水流走,难溶的粘土矿物和石英等残留下采,铝硅酸盐类矿物经分解并最终形成粘土矿物、褐铁矿、三水铝石、硬、软锰矿和蛋白石(最终变为玉髓和石英),上述矿物堆积下来形成土层。     

咸阳市单位GDP能耗空间分异特征分析研究

以地统分析为基础,在GIS技术平台下分析"十一五"期间咸阳市各区县单位GDP能耗空间分异特征.单位GDP能耗重心与几何中心偏移较大,在西北-东南向最为分散,不均衡性大;全局相关性属随机分布模式,自相关性一般,局部相关性呈区域性分布,具有较强相关性的区域为东南方向的泾阳和三原县、西北方向的彬县和长武县;微弱相关性区域主要分布在旬邑县、咸阳中南部地区;5年间单位GDP能耗重心向西北方向偏移,向高纬度、低经度方向移动.     

煤粉细度对一次颗粒物特性的影响研究

以3种不同细度的煤粉在沉降炉中做燃烧实验,利用8级Andersen粒子撞击器分级并捕集燃烧后的一次颗粒物.研究煤粉细度对煤粉燃烧后一次颗粒物特性的影响.结果表明,煤粉越细,燃烧后生成的颗粒物也越细, PM_i的排放量均随着煤粉细度的减小而增大,PM₁₀的量由粗煤粉和中煤粉的13 mg/g左右增大到了细煤粉的21 mg/g;PM_2.5的量由粗煤粉的2 mg/g增大到了细煤粉的8 mg/g.煤粉细度对煤粉燃烧后生成的总灰成分及含量影响不大,但对分级颗粒物的外观形貌影响较大.煤粉细度减小,痕量元素的R_EE增大.R_EE值大小的排列顺序依次为Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu>Ni.细煤粉生成的颗粒物中有毒痕量金属元素的含量更高.元素的挥发能力不受煤粉细度影响,但其挥发程度受煤粉细度影响却不同.细煤粉燃烧比粗煤粉燃烧具有更大的环境危害性.     

重点区域建设用地污染地块特征分析

以我国工业发展的重点区域京津冀、长三角和珠三角为研究对象,基于2018～2021年纳入《建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录》的共496个污染地块,对其区域分布、土壤和地下水超标污染物特征、污染的行业相关性、场地地质条件等数据进行相关数据统计分析.结果表明:京津冀污染地块主要分布于京津和冀南,长三角污染地块数量最大且分布广,珠三角污染地块则密布于珠江口.整体上土壤污染以重金属-有机复合污染为主(48.43%),地下水则是有机污染占比(42.49%)最大.化学原料及化学品制造业和金属冶炼及延压加工业污染地块风险负荷指数大于0.25,为较高风险;塑料和橡胶制品业、机械制造、金属制品业、电器机械及器材制造业和皮革、皮毛制造业污染地块为中风险,其余行业污染地块为低风险.场地土壤和地下水污染分布与历史行业类型息息相关,如土壤中化学原料及化学品制造业超标污染物种类最复杂,卤代烃(占比12%)和苯系物(占比10.4%)相比其余行业占比更重,地下水中各行业重金属污染和常规指标如氨氮需要关注.土层深度上各类典型污染物最大超标普遍分布在0～5m,整体上重金属最大污染超标深度大于有机污染最大超标深度;土壤性质...     

Neurologic features of chronic minamata disease (organic mercury poisoning) and incidence of complications with aging

Abstract

To elucidate the neurologic features of chronic Minamata disease, and the incidence of complications with aging, we studied 80 patients with documented Minamata disease (organic mercury poisoning) from 1986 to 1994 (mean age: 63 years). Of the cardinal neurologic findings, sensory impairment was seen with highest frequency in 98.8% of patients limited to the extremities in 86.3%. Impairment of lower extremity coordination was observed in 60%, constriction of the visual field in 51.9%, and retrocochlear hearing loss in 41%. To assess age‐related complications, patients were separated into three groups by age: Group I (10 to 39 years); Group II (40 to 69 years); Group III (≥7 0 years). The incidences of hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases, organic ophthalmologic disorders (including cataracts), presbyacusis, and cervical spondylosis deformans increased significantly with age. Compared with a preceding survey (1981 to 1985, 171 patients, mean age: 63.5 years), the incidences of complicated hypertension and cataracts had decreased, whereas those of cerebrovascular disease and retinitis pigmentosa remained unchanged. The incidences of abnormal brain computed tomography (CT), presbyacusis, cervical spondylosis deformans, and positive tests for urine sugar also increased. The incidences of these complications other than retinitis pigmentosa were similar to those in the general population. These results accurately reflect the recent epidemiological disease tendencies in Japan toward a decreased incidence of hypertension and an increased incidence of diabetes.     

土地利用和地形特征对袁河溶解态金属元素的影响

为研究土地利用和地形特征对袁河水体溶解态金属元素的影响,在2018年7月和2019年1月于袁河干流及支流设置38个采样点采集表层水样,测定金属元素Al、Fe、Cr、Mn、Cd、As、Tl和Ni的浓度.采用相关分析、偏最小二乘结构方程模型与方差分解等方法探讨缓冲区和子流域尺度土地利用和地形特征对金属元素的影响.结果表明:...     

明代山西蝗虫灾情统计与时空分布

从历史地理学的角度,对明代277年的山西蝗灾进行数据统计分析。结果表明:从时间上看,明代山西蝗灾每4~5年发生一次;在季节上,主要集中在夏秋两季,其中秋季危害最重,具有明显季节差异;在月份上,主要集中在阴历6月;从地域上看,泽州和平阳府蝗灾分布具有普遍性,同时也是蝗灾发生最为频繁的地区,大同府和汾州府蝗灾分布较集中,辽州和汾州府发生蝗灾次数最少,明代山西蝗灾主要沿河分布,主要集中在晋南区,具有明显的地域差异。