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Palmer JF 《Journal of environmental management》2008,89(3):167-183
The scenic effects of clearcutting have been a volatile issue for the American public for much of the past century. A better understanding of the scenic perceptions associated with the cumulative visible effects of clearcutting should contribute to better decisions about its use. This study evaluates the scenic impacts of simulated alternative clearcutting management systems for the White Mountain National Forest. Alternatives represented an unharvested view, and views with removal of 1–5% of the timber every 12 years using either scattered or concentrated clearcut units of 5, 15 and 30 acres in two viewsheds. A random sample of local citizens, four groups of opinion leaders, and US Forest Service employees evaluated these alternatives. Each factor accounts for significant differences in scenic value. All groups rated the scenic value of unharvested scenes very high. All groups find a large drop in scenic value with the introduction of even the least intense harvesting activity. All groups indicated a statistically significant decrease in visual quality as the intensity of harvesting increases. This effect continues throughout the range of harvesting intensities until the level of sustainable yield is reached. In addition, patches 12–15 acres in size were preferred to larger and smaller ones. 相似文献
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Three studies used digital color photographs to compare responses to natural scenes, skylines after dark, and skylines during the day (seven of each). Study 1 had 59 respondents rate the pleasantness of each scene. They gave similar ratings to Night Skylines and Natural Scenes, and rated each as more pleasant than the Day Skylines. Study 2 had 56 other participants choose from each of seven sets of each kind of scene the one they would most like to have as a framed print in their home or office, and to report the reasons. Participants chose Night Skylines most often, followed by Natural Scenes and then Day Skylines. While participants most often picked attractive as a reason for their choice, those who chose Night Skylines also picked exciting as the reason, and those who picked Natural Scenes also picked relaxing or peaceful as a reason. Study 3 obtained ratings of selected formal features of each scene. The 23 judges rated the Natural scenes as more natural, orderly, open, and curvilinear, less complex, and as having smoother transitions than either Day or Night Skylines; and they judged the Night Skylines as higher in complexity but lower in order than Day Skylines. The results suggest that preferences in relation to the scene categories may well depend on a mix of their formal characteristics and their content. 相似文献
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MARK SAGOFF 《Conservation biology》2007,21(2):337-345
Abstract: If value entails or implies purpose, it follows that natural objects (e.g., endangered species) lack value and thus cannot be worth protecting except for a purpose they may serve—either the end for which God created the world (according to natural theology) or some use to which human beings may put them (according to a consequentialist or utilitarian ethic). If value requires purpose, the refutation of natural theology after Darwin implies that humanity has no obligation to respect or preserve the natural world except insofar as it is economically efficient to do so. Drawing on the distinction between explanation and communication found in Calvinist theology, I argue that value does not entail purpose. The expressive, aesthetic, or communicative aspects of nature may be valuable or endow natural objects with value apart from any use or purpose these objects may serve. The crucial distinction between explanation and communication—one scientific, the other aesthetic—offers a rationale for an obligation to protect the natural world that may appeal to members of faith communities and to biologists and other scientists. This approach also helps resolve the "lurking inconsistency" some scholars see in the relationship between a deterministic biological science and a conservationist ethic. 相似文献
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Ira L. Whitman Richard M. Davis Seymour E. Goldstone 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(4):661-669
ABSTRACT The role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water-based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water-resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban-water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally. 相似文献
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John E. Skinner 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(2):355-367
It is presumed that the present environmental thrust is not a wholly transitory fad; that there will be a residual impact on American society which will demand greater consideration in the future of ecological and environmental values by resource developers and public works agencies. An example is cited to show the validity of the environmental thrust and the severe consequences of ignoring it under the present emphasis on this aspect of resource development. An attempt is made to understand some of the reasons for the dramatic change in public attitude toward the environment and opposition to projects of apparent benefit to society. It is suggested that basic changes in philosophy and concept will be necessary in the field of resource development. Some broad ecological and developmental guidelines are provided in the interest of implementing environmental considerations. Finally, those involved in resource development and public works are challenged to accept the concept of eco-engineering; a concept combining the competing elements of resource development and conservation. 相似文献