试论环境工程地质学的科学性质与学科发展

环境工程地质学是一门新兴的边缘学科,发展历史较短,理论体系尚不够成熟。本文分析了环境工程地质学产生的动因与研究现状,探讨了环境工程地质学的科学性质与学科发展。     

农业废弃物的资源化利用

我国的农业资源浪费和破坏现象十分严重,解决这一问题的根本途径是开展农业废弃物的资源化利用,它是农业可持续发展的重要方面。本文在分析了农业废弃物资源化利用的理论基础后,讨论了农业废弃物的主要资源化利用途径和支持与保障体系。     

京津冀农业源氨排放对PM2.5的影响

根据收集的京津冀区域农业氨排放源活动水平数据,使用排放因子法建立了2014年京津冀地区农业氨排放清单.结果表明,2014年京津冀地区农业源氨排放总量为1750695t,平均排放强度为8.09t/km²;河北省、北京市和天津市农业氨排放量分别为1594087t、58822t和97786t.;猪和蛋鸡是畜禽养殖业中氨排放的主要来源,分别占31.29%和26.07%.模拟结果表明,农业氨减排使京津冀地区PM_2.5的年均浓度下降12.04μg/m³,下降比例约为18.36%,4月份和7月份农业氨减排对PM_2.5的影响较大,而1月份影响较低;农业氨减排使无机盐（硫酸盐+铵盐+硝酸盐）的年均浓度下降10.00μg/m³,年均浓度下降比例为41.84%,对硝酸盐的影响最大,铵盐次之,硫酸盐最小.     

单元自动演化模型自动生成农田保护区的研究

我国已进入了快速城市化的时期,许多城市都在制定和实施农田保护区计划．本文提出了利用单元自动演化模型、地理信息系统与遥感等技术相结合的新方法来自动生成农田保护区,获得了十分令人满意的结果．该方法可以为政府部门和规划工作者提供一种科学制定农田保护区的新手段,大大节省人力、物力．并能获得农田保护区在空间的优化分布,这是常规方法所不能比拟的．     

Fertilizer application training programs,the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity: Evidence from 691 apple growers in China

The article examines whether agricultural training boosted technology adoption and productivity was a key issue that was concerned by policymakers and researchers. Thus, impacts of fertilizer application training programs on the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity were analyzed by using the survey data of 691 apple growers. The results indicated that: (i) compared with farmers who did not participate in fertilizer application training programs, the probability of the adoption of formula fertilization techniques was significantly increased by 256.1% for farmers who participated in fertilizer application training programs; (ii) fertilizer application training programs boosted the adoption of formula fertilization techniques via influencing farmers' cognition and willingness; (iii) yield was significantly increased by 14.3% at the 5% level through participating in fertilizer application training programs, and fertilizer application training programs improved agricultural productivity by means of enhancing the adoption of formula fertilization techniques. This study was conducive to evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural training and boosting agricultural sustainable development.     

东北三省农业碳排放效率时空演化特征及驱动因素分析

在经济社会低碳转型变革中,农业作为三大支柱产业之一,其碳排放效率是判断农业可持续发展的重要指标。本研究采用考虑非期望产出的全局SBM模型测算东北三省36个城市在2010—2019年的农业碳排放效率,并运用空间聚类分析和地理探测器探究其空间分异特征及驱动因素,旨在为推动东北地区实现农业高质量发展提供启示。研究结果显示：① 2010—2019年东北三省农业净碳汇总量和农业碳排放效率整体呈上升趋势,从城市尺度出发计算得到效率平均值由0.540提高至0.743;其中吉林省净碳汇增量及效率在研究期内均居于首位,黑龙江省和辽宁省分别具有“高排高汇”和“低排低汇”特征,研究期内各省效率值均有提高。②空间上东北三省农业碳排放效率呈现出“区块状”分布特征,空间聚集程度逐渐增强。③从整体尺度看,将东北地区整体农业碳排放效率作为样本,农业机械率成为研究期内决定力均值最高的驱动因子,但其作用强度逐渐削弱;通过观察不同时期关键交互因子发现,社会因素作用强度逐渐增强。从区域尺度看,农业机械率是影响黑龙江省、辽宁省农业碳排放效率空间分异格局的主导驱动因子,吉林省农业碳排放效率空间分异格局的主导驱动因子是农产品规模和城镇化率;而农业机械率与农业产业结构经过空间叠加后形成的交互因子,对三个省份农业碳排放效率空间分异格局都起到决定性作用。     

Mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stones: patients from North Jordan

Urinary stone diseases are increasing in the Middle East. The majority of urinary stone cases are found in the northern part of the country. Stone samples taken from patients living in the Irbid area were collected from Princess Basma Hospital. The present study concentrates on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the urinary stones and on the effective environmental factors that assist in developing the different types of urinary stones. Using X-ray diffraction techniques, the mineralogical composition of the urinary stones was found to be as follows: oxalate, cholesten, and uric acid, with cystine stones occuring more frequently than the others. Cholesten and calcium oxalate stones are the most dominant types of stones. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of oxalate stone. Calcium oxalate is represented in: whewellite, wheddellite, and calcium carbonate oxalate hydrate minerals, in addition to other minerals such as brushite, ammonium phosphate, vaterite, valleriite, and bobierrite from other types of stones. Bobierrite (phosphate group) is a new mineral reported in urinary stones, and this has not been determined in any previous study worldwide. Apatite (calcium phosphate) is deduced using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The SEM technique determined crystal forms and systems, shapes, morphological features, and the names of the minerals forming urine stones, while optical properties are studied by polarizing microscope. X-ray fluorescence technique determined the concentrations of major and some trace elements. It revealed that Ca is the main constituent of the urinary stones, especially those composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The concentration of trace elements was Ba = 1.57, P = 3.61, Fe = 1.78, S = 2.08, Zr = 4.63, Mo = 3.92, Cu = 1.89, Co = 1.56, and F = 4.2% and was higher in the urinary stones of Jordanian patients than in foreigners in the country. Questionnaires completed by patients suggest that the most significant factors directly effecting the formation of stones are water, climate conditions, food rich in protein and rich in different chemicals. Moreover, some drugs and diseases might also help in developing other stones.     

Soil lead (Pb) in residential transects through Lubbock,Texas: a preliminary assessment

Residential lead (Pb) contamination, resulting from decades-long use of leaded gasoline and lead-based paint, is likely to be present in soils in most urban areas. A screening level sampling effort demonstrated that Lubbock, Texas, USA, like other cities of its age and size, has areas of elevated soil Pb. This effort was based on soil sampling performed on residential, commercial and thoroughfare properties. The focus of this study was to investigate that component of soil contamination due to combustion of leaded gasoline. Soils were collected from the 1–2 cm surface layer from street-side property borders, well away from buildings that might lead to soil contamination from leaded paint chips. All samples were analyzed for Pb after a 1 M HNO₃ mild extraction to determine the amount of bioavailable Pb. Two of three transects through the city demonstrated significant trends of decreasing Pb concentrations with distance from the city center, paralleling a decrease in developed property age. Peak soil Pb concentrations outside city development was 4.9 ± 0.6 mg/kg while the median concentration for the city was 35.4 mg/kg. Peak soil Pb concentrations in the city center ranged from 90.0 to 174.0 mg/kg and decreased exponentially to 6.0–9.0 mg/kg at the furthest terminus of the residential transects.     

焦作市市区地下水水质现状评价

在分析焦作市市区孔隙水赋存情况的基础上 ,运用模糊综合评判和灰色聚类评价相结合的方法 ,对该市市区地下水水质进行了现状评价 ,克服了目前传统的指数评价法和单独运用模糊综合评判法存在的弊端 ,使评价结果更为客观。     

秦皇岛市农业面源污染特征分析

对2011年秦皇岛市农业污染源进行分析并测算各污染物排放量,结果表明,农业面源COD排放量为38768．27t,NH3-N为7593．71t,TN为15684．63t,TP为7821．18t;昌黎县是秦皇岛市农业面源污染最重的污染区域;农村生活源对COD排放量的贡献率最大,种植业对NH3-N、TN和TP排放量的贡献率最大。