对新疆可持续农业发展的思考

可持续农业发展是整个国民经济持续发展的基础,没有农业的持续发展,就不可能有国民经济的持续发展,也不可能有人类社会的持续发展,妥善处理好环境与发展的关系问题,是可持续农业发展的唯一选择。本文结合新疆实际,深入分析和研究了新疆可持续农业发展的现实意义,具有的基本条件和存在的问题及成因分析,提出了新疆可持续农业发展的实施措施。     

农业非点源污染研究进展和趋势

根据国内外农业非点源污染研究现状,本文在探讨农业非点源污染内涵及其特征的基础上,简要总结了农业非点源污染负荷的估算模型,列举区域农业非点源污染风险评估的手段和方法,从不同角度归纳了农业非点源污染的控制技术,并提出了近期农业非点源污染急需研究的热点和趋势,以期为进一步的农业非点源污染管理和控制提供参考。     

我国农业非点源污染成因及解决对策

农业非点源污染目前已成为全球水污染的主要来源。对我国农业非点源污染成因的分析表明:农药、化肥的大量使用,不同灌溉方式、生产生活废弃物和规模化畜禽养殖等与农业非点源污染的形成之间均有密切的关系,应从农田径流控制、小流域综合治理、发展生态农业等方面开展农业非点源污染防治。实施农田养分最佳管理技术、开发农业非点源污染管理应用软件、完善农业生态补偿机制将成为我国农业非点源污染研究的发展趋势。     

Effects of bile salts and divalent cations on the adsorption of norfloxacin by agricultural soils

The effects of bile salts （sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate, 0-20 mmol/L）, divalent cations （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋, 0-20 mmol/L） or pH （3.0-10.0） on the adsorption of norfloxacin by three selected soils （Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J） were systematically studied. Soil adsorption of norfloxacin follows a pseudo second-order kinetics model, and the maximum adsorption capacity has been determined from the nonlinear fit of the Langmuir isotherm model to be 88.8, 88.1 and 63.0 μmol/g for the adsorption onto Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J, respectively. The results indicate that norfloxacin has a high adsorption affinity for the agricultural soils tested and that the organic content of these soils have at least a slight influence on this adsorption. The adsorption of norfloxacin to soils was strongly dependent on pH and exhibited a maximum at approximately pH 6. The presence of divalent cations prominently suppressed the adsorption of norfloxacin by paddy soils, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋, and by red soil, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋. The adsorption of norfloxacin （by the soils studied） sharply decreased as the amount of bile salts was increased. For uncharged norfloxacin at environmentally relevant pH values, such factors as soil type, exogenous divalent cations and macromolecules significantly altered the environmental fate and transport of norfloxacin between aquatic and soil interfaces.     

三峡库区重庆段农村面源污染时空格局演变特征

论文以三峡库区重庆段21 个区县为实例,利用空间自相关及冷热点分析方法,在区县级尺度上,研究了化学肥料施用、有机肥施用、农作物秸秆、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、农村生活污水、生活垃圾和农田土壤侵蚀等8 个来源中农业面源污染化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)的时空变化特征,结果表明:① 从Moran's I 值判断,2005-2011年间,三峡库区重庆段的COD、BOD5、TN、TP在区域上一直处于较高的集聚状态,2005-2008年集聚减弱,2008-2011 年集聚增强。② 从COD、BOD5、TN、TP排放总量来看,由农业面源污染引起的COD、BOD5、TN、TP 绝对排放量,2005 年分别为15.85×10⁴、7.35×10⁴、5.50×10⁴ 和0.97×10⁴ t·a^-1;2008 年分别为10.93×10⁴、6.45×10⁴、5.60×10⁴ 和1.04×10⁴ t·a^-1;2011 年分别为14.67×10⁴、8.68×10⁴、6.94×10⁴和1.14×10⁴ t·a^-1。COD、BOD5 绝对排放总量经历了先降后升的趋势,TN和TP绝对排放总量则一直处于增长的态势。③ 从冷热点分析结果来看,三峡库区腹地是热点区域的集中区,而三峡库区库尾都市核心区是冷点区域集中区。     

Organic carbon stock in topsoil of Jiangsu Province, China, and the recent trend of carbon sequestration

Data collection of soil organic carbon(SOC) of 154 soil series of Jiangsu, China from the second provincial soil survey and of recent changes in SOC from a number of field pilot experiments across the province were collected. Statistical analysis of SOC contents and soil properties related to organic carbon storage were performed. The provincial total topsoil SOC stock was estimated to be O. 1 Pg with an extended pool of 0.4 Pg taking soil depth of 1 m, being relatively small compared to its total land area of lOl?00 km^2. One quarter of this topsoil stock was found in the soils of the Taihu Lake region that occupied 1/6 of the provincial arable area. Paddy soils accounted for over 50% of this stock in terms of SOC distribution among the soil types in the province. Experimental data from experimental farms widely distributed in the province showed that SOC storage increased consistently over the last 20 years despite a previously reported decreasing tendency during the period between 1950--1970. The evidence indicated that agricultural management practices such as irrigation, straw return and rotation of upland crops with rice or wheat crops contributed significantly to the increase in SOC storage. The annual carbon sequestration rate in the soils was in the range of 0.3-3.5 tC/(hm^2. a), depending on cropping systems and other agricultural practices. Thus, the agricultural production in the province, despite the high input, could serve as one of the practical methods to mitigate the increasing air CO2.     

基于农副食品加工行业生产特性的排放限值核定方法研究

与传统的简单以行业排放标准、环评报告、国家分配的目标总量等为依据的排污许可限值核定方式不同,本研究从农副食品加工行业产量、废水排放等生产特性出发,筛选控制项目,确定多级许可限值,运用直接数据分析法、间接数据分析法、假设推导法,制定基于不同时间尺度的最大日排放浓度限值（C_MDL）、月平均排放浓度限值（C_AML）、日最大负荷限值（MDL）、月平均负荷限值（AML）,并以河南省某屠宰及肉类加工企业为例,进行基于生产特性的排污许可限值计算示范.结果显示：该企业产量随季节变化率超过20%,氨氮排放量波动明显;制定多级排放限值,COD、总氮和总磷无明显变化,制定统一限值,计算结果均严于传统方法核算的排放限值;在此基础上制定的排放限值,可在有效约束企业排污的同时,为排污许可制度的精细化、差异化管理提供技术支持.     

湖北省农地资源价值研究

农地价值包括农地提供粮食、纤维等农副产品可计量的市场价值和提供开敞空间、维护生物多样性、保育环境、文化教育等公共物品所具有的非市场价值。科学、合理地评估农地价值,形成完整的资源成本核算体系,可缓解我国农地流失形势,为制定和实施农地生态管护政策等提供理论与实践依据。文章运用收益还原法及条件价值评估法对湖北省不同类型农地的市场价值和非市场价值进行评估,较为科学地评估出农地的整体价值,摸清农地资源的价值构成。研究表明,湖北省包括耕地、园地、林地及水域用地在内的农地资源的非市场价值现值达2514.88×10⁸元,相当于全省2004年生产总值的39.86%,是农地价值构成中无法忽略的重要部分。全省现有耕地资源总价值达11398.77×10⁸元,目前无法进入交易市场或有效地通过交易机制实现的非市场价值有942.63×10⁸元,占耕地总价值的8.27%;园地及水域用地的总价值分别为3715.27×10⁸元和10192.81×10⁸元,非市场价值的比例份额分别达13.64%和5.48%;现有林地资源的非市场价值达506.35×10⁸元,折合林地非市场价值约6407元/hm²。     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

华北平原农田硝态氮淋溶率和淋溶负荷估计

由于化肥过度施用且强度逐渐增加,华北平原氮淋溶问题日趋严重且造成了地下水污染风险.利用1991年以来公开发表的文献中290 组农田NO₃^--N 淋溶试验样本(淋溶率和10个影响因素),基于Bayesian递归回归树模型初步建立了华北平原农田NO₃^--N淋溶迁移过程统计模型.以2008年为例,基于华北平原县域合成氮肥、复合肥施用量和1 km×1 km的影响因素和土地利用(耕地)数据,最终得到1 km×1 km的华北平原农田NO₃^--N淋溶率和淋溶负荷及其不确定性水平.初步结果表明:①模型校准和验证R²分别达到0.832和0.829,模拟结果相对可靠;②华北平原耕地NO₃^--N的淋溶率具有显著的空间分异,其中位值为15.4%(R₅₀为12.6%~18.2%),其主要影响因素为土壤TN量、施N量、灌溉比例与降雨量的比值等;相应地,2008年淋溶负荷和淋溶量分别为995.1 Gg·a^-1(833.4~1156.7 Gg·a^-1);③NO₃^--N淋溶率较高的区域集中在太行山脉以东、黄河附近以及苏北的县(区、市),淋溶负荷贡献最大为河南(~37.7%)、江苏(~24.8%)和河北(~21.6%).