农业化学投入与农业经济增长脱钩关系研究——基于华东6省1市数据

论文选取华东6省1市2001—2014年的数据,分析了农业面源污染控制背景下的农业化学与农业经济增长的Tapio脱钩关系,并通过LMDI分解将农业化学投入增长的影响因素归结为规模效应、耕地效应和效率效应,最后对2014年华东6省1市农业化学效率状况进行K-means聚类。结果表明：农业面源污染控制背景下,农业化学与农业经济增长呈现出从扩张性负脱钩到相对脱钩,再到绝对脱钩的转变;农业化学投入物量的增加主要来自于耕地效应的作用,效率效应可以减缓农业化学投入物量的增长,规模效应的作用不明显;从空间格局的聚类结果上看,上海、江苏、浙江、福建、江西和山东的农业经济增长对农业化学品生产资料依赖程度较低,安徽省的依赖程度较高。总之,农业经济可以在农业化学化控制背景下得到持续增长,农业面源污染要得到进一步的控制,需要在采用多种农业增效手段、提高农业化学投入利用效率和采取差异化的区域农业化学投入减量控制政策着手。     

平顶山市火葬场周边农田土壤重金属空间分布、富集与来源分析

火葬场在火化遗体时会向周边环境排放多种重金属,引起周边土壤重金属积累和污染.以河南省平顶山市火葬场为中心,布设西北(NW)、西南(SW)、东南(SE)和东北(NE)4条3 km长的采样断面.采集表层土壤 (0~20 cm)样品157份,测定其Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni含量,结合富集系数(EF)和正定矩阵因子分析(PMF)探讨火葬场周边农田土壤重金属富集特征及来源.结果表明:①除土壤As的平均含量低于河南省土壤背景值外,其余重金属均高于河南省和平顶山市土壤背景值,但总体上没有达到污染水平.在主导风向下风向的NW断面上,多数重金属平均含量高于其他断面.②土壤中8种重金属的平均EF均处于中等及以上富集水平,其中Cd处于强富集水平,Hg处于中富集至强富集水平,且具有NW>SW>NE>SE的趋势,表明土壤重金属存在不同程度的人为来源.③扣除非火葬场因素对土壤重金属空间分布的影响,Hg、Cd含量沿断面多呈单峰分布,Pb、Cu、Zn和As多呈双峰分布,Ni和Cr多呈递减分布,表明8种重金属不同程度地与火葬场烟尘排放有关.④火葬场周边农田土壤中的Hg是火葬源重金属,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb是农业-火葬-交通混合源重金属,As、Ni和Cr是自然-火葬混合源重金属.     

农地资源舒适性价值评估--以江苏省为例

舒适性价值是农地资源价值的重要组成部分,但这种非市场价值往往容易在公共决策中被忽视,从而导致大量农地资源被过分占用及农地资源内部配置的低效率。合理完整地评估农地资源的舒适性价值是促进农地资源持续利用的关键。目前,对农地资源舒适性价值的认识与研究,国内尚处在起步阶段。以江苏省为例,通过意愿调查法,采用半结构问卷调查和电话访谈,对不同行业和年龄的1 000名调查者进行调查,评估了江苏省耕地、草地、园地以及林地舒适性价值。研究表明,江苏省不同类型农地资源舒适性价值差异较大,这种差异与区域经济发展水平和地区文化紧密相关。在此基础上,核算了江苏省农地资源舒适性价值总量,农地资源舒适性价值总量高达25.13亿元/年。因此,在农地资源综合利用决策中,要重视将农地资源的舒适性价值纳入决策体系,从而促进农地资源的持续利用和合理流转。     

HABITAT AND FISH RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE AGRICULTURAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A WARM WATER STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Thirteen years of annual habitat and fish sampling were used to evaluate the response of a small warm water stream in eastern Wisconsin to agricultural best management practices (BMPs). Stream physical habitat and fish communities were sampled in multiple reference and treatment stations before, during, and after upland and riparian BMP implementation in the Otter Creek subwatershed of the Sheboygan River watershed. Habitat and fish community measures varied substantially among years, and varied more at stations that had low habitat diversity, reinforcing the notion that the detection of stream responses to BMP implementation requires long term sampling. Best management practices increased substrate size; reduced sediment depth, embeddedness, and bank erosion; and improved overall habitat quality at stations where a natural vegetative buffer existed or streambank fencing was installed as a riparian BMP. There were lesser improvements at locations where only upland BMPs were implemented. Despite the habitat changes, we could not detect significant improvements in fish communities. It is speculated that the species needed to improve the fish community, mainly pollution intolerant species, suckers (Castomidae), and darters (Percidae), had been largely eliminated from the Sheboygan River watershed by broadscale agricultural nonpoint source pollution and could not colonize Otter Creek, even though habitat conditions may have been suitable.     

我国农业灾害统计中存在的问题

农业灾害统计作为认识和分析农业灾害问题的主要环节，对实现我国农业的可持续发展具有十分重要的作用。在分析我国农业灾害统计资料的基础上，指出当前我国农业灾害统计工作中主要存在的统计指标体系设置不合理、统计规范性差、统计方法落后和统计组织管理不完善等问题。     

创建中国的农业减灾科技体系

中国是世界上农业灾害严重和频繁的国家,中国社会经济发展、经济全球化和全球气候变暖给农业灾害的发生带来了许多新的特点,创建中国的农业减灾科技体系势在必行。分析了农业灾害与一般灾害的不同特点,提出农业减灾科技体系应由农业灾害学与农业减灾系统工程两大部分组成;分别论述了农业灾害学的理论与内容框架,和农业减灾系统工程的基本内涵。最后,对如何创建中国的农业减灾科技体系提出了若干建议。     

城市地下工程建设中的环境工程地质问题--预防与控制

近年来,为了缓解城市用地矛盾,已开始大规模地开发利用地下空间,由此引起的环境工程地质问题也日趋严重,因此,加强城市地下工程建设的环境工程地质研究,有重要理论与实际意义.分析了城市地下工程建设中引起或遇到的地面变形、洞室围岩失稳、地下水环境变异和地质生态环境恶化等环境工程地质问题,研究了城市地下工程建设环境工程地质研究应解决的关键问题,提出了城市地下工程建设环境工程地质问题的预防途径和措施.     

RELATIVE LEACHING POTENTIALS ESTIMATED FROM HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUPS1

Leaching of soils with water can be both beneficial and hazardous in the same instance, removing salts harmful to plants and contributing dissolved substances to groundwater. The leaching potential of a given soil is difficult to assess, even with complex instrumentation. This paper suggests that the final infiltration rates associated with the Hydrologic Soil Groups used by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in watershed planning may provide a useful guide in estimating quantities of leaching water moving through soil profiles.     

On Sustainable Development of Social Forestry in Bangladesh: Experiences from Sal (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shorea Robusta</Emphasis>) Forests

Sustainability in forestry is a complex amalgam of trade-offs among its various dimensions and there is no easy route to achieve sustainable development. It is important that policy process and implementation strategy of these policies should be based on sound information about these trade-offs. There is a growing consensus amongst key forest decision-makers in Bangladesh that traditional forestry is needed to make the transition to more sustainable forestry, which is likely to involve local people in forest management. As a result, the government has initiated a social forestry program from 1981 with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) grant and operated mainly in Sal forest areas. The most important objective of this program is to protect, manage, and develop forests in a sustainable way by involving local communities. Although several studies have focused on the management issues of social forestry, none of these studies has evaluated the indicators of sustainable social forestry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the criteria of sustainable development of social forestry in Bangladesh. The study is based on primary cross-sectional data collected using the multistage stratified sampling technique. In total, 581 social forestry farmers were selected randomly and interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. The study evaluated some important components of sustainable development and identified the following conditions of social forestry in Bangladesh:(i) almost all the components of sustainable development of social forestry, although not at the aspiration level, were at good condition;(ii) participants were interested and committed to work with Forest Department in developing social forestry;(iii) they had been utilizing both hard and soft technology in practicing social forestry, although there exists ample scope of development;(iv) income of participants after involving in social forestry had increased, although not at satisfactory level; and(v) process of producing social and material goods had been under progress.However, there exist plenty of scopes for sustainable social forestry development through improving the sustainable development components more carefully.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

运用地球化学防治矿山环境污染

本文阐述了运用地球化学防治矿山环境污染的基本原理和一些应用实例,介绍了矿山环境污染和地球化学的基本联系;阐述了地球化学勘查方法和对尾矿、废石以及矿山酸性废水的治理的应用;探讨了美国在矿床的地球化学背景和基准值、矿床地质—环境模型应用方面的先进经验,并针对国情提出了一些其它防治矿山环境污染的地球化学方法。