Environmentally adjusted productivity measurement: an Australian case study

This paper critically examines various methods for estimating productivity incorporating environmental effects for the Australian agricultural sector. The agricultural sector has been selected because of its strategic position in the economy of Australia. The findings of this study indicate that the application of environmentally adjusted productivity methods is a credible approach to measure productivity, in the context of sustainable development. Although the empirical findings of this research are case study specific, the results provide evidence supporting the adoption of these techniques to other sectors of the economy when measuring productivity and needing to be cognisant of sustainable development. The findings suggest that adjusting for the environmental impacts of soil erosion can result in higher or lower agricultural productivity depending on the assumptions we make regarding damage costs of erosion. It is argued in this paper that, for soil erosion in Australia, assumptions yielding higher productivity (i.e., upwardly adjusted) are justified. Finally, the findings of this study and the use of the methods presented point to important gaps in data availability. This gap needs to be addressed by policy makers if sustainable development objectives are to be credibly assessed using these techniques.     

农产品视角的城郊黑土地农田重金属风险分区

农产品是重金属经土壤-作物系统危害人体健康的直接途径,其质量安全是我国粮食安全体系的重要组成部分.针对目前农田重金属分区研究对农产品考虑的不足,以农产品重金属累积特征及其导致的人体健康风险为指标,构建了基于农产品视角的农田重金属风险分区体系,同时以黑土地中重金属污染风险更高的城郊地带为研究区进行实例探讨.结果表明,农产...     

乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例，运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction，SEE)技术，并结合化学成分和相关参数数据，研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态，并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力，旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解，同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中，Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中，P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中，U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中，其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中；②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%，平均17%，说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性，即在上述条件下，石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中；③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t，平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t，因此，在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下，石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

新农村建设中的农业面源污染现状、问题及对策分析

分析了农业面源污染现状，从认识上、技术上、投入不足、生产生活方式等方面分析了农业面源污染成因，并提出了对策。     

湖北省农地资源正外部性价值量估算——基于对农地社会与生态之功能和价值分类的分析

农地资源的正外部性直接或间接对人类福利产生影响，但由于市场机制的自身缺陷导致人们对其价值缺乏定量认识，致使农地资源得不到应有的保护，造成向城市的过度流转。以湖北省为例，在将农地资源正外部性划分为提供社会保障、保证粮食安全以及提供生态服务3个方面的基础上，以2006年为评估期日，尝试用市场价格评估的方法对其年价值和无限年期的总价值进行了估算。结果显示：2006年湖北省农地资源在提供社会保障方面的年价值及无限年期价值分别为87460元/hm2·a和34 70635元/hm2；粮食安全保障功能的年价值及无限年期价值分别为32209元/hm2·a和12 78135元/hm2；生态服务功能的年价值及无限年期价值分别为4 34855元/hm2·a和172 56151元/hm2。最终核算出湖北省正外部性的年价值总量及无限年期价值总量分别为5 54524元/hm2·a和220 04921元/hm2，这部分无法通过市场价格表现的价值大致与湖北省农地经济产出价值相当，甚至略高出5%~38%，无疑是农地价值中不容忽视的重要组成部分，应当引起土地管理者和社会决策者的充分重视。农地城市流转的失控和对农地保护的忽视实质上就是对农地正外部效用的抛弃和破坏，最终将阻碍社会经济的可持续发展。     

Groundwater Denitrification Capacity of Riparian Zones in Suburban and Agricultural Watersheds1

Watson, Tara K., Dorothy Q. Kellogg, Kelly Addy, Arthur J. Gold, Mark H. Stolt, Sean W. Donohue, and Peter M. Groffman, 2010. Groundwater Denitrification Capacity of Riparian Zones in Suburban and Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):237-245. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00418.x Abstract: We evaluated the relationship of dominant watershed land use to the structure and nitrogen (N) sink function of riparian zones. We focused on groundwater denitrification capacity, water table dynamics, and the presence and pattern of organically enriched deposits. We used the push-pull method (measurement of ¹⁵N-enriched denitrification gases derived from an introduced groundwater plume of ¹⁵N-enriched nitrate) to evaluate groundwater denitrification capacity on nine forested wetland riparian sites developed in alluvial or outwash parent materials in southern New England. Three replicate sites were located in each of the three watershed types, those with substantial (1) irrigated agriculture, (2) suburban development, and (3) forest. Soil morphology and water table dynamics were assessed at each site. We found significantly lower mean annual water tables at sites within watersheds with substantial irrigated agriculture or suburban development than forested watersheds. Water table dynamics were more variable at sites within suburban watersheds, especially during the summer. Groundwater denitrification capacity was significantly greater at sites within forested watersheds than in watersheds with substantial irrigated agriculture. Because of the high degree of variability observed in riparian sites within suburban watersheds, groundwater denitrification capacity was not significantly different from either forested or agricultural watersheds. The highly variable patterns of organically enriched deposits and water tables at sites within suburban watersheds suggests that depositional events are irregular, limiting the predictability of groundwater N dynamics in these riparian zones. The variability of riparian N removal in watersheds with extensive suburbia or irrigated agriculture argues for N management strategies emphasizing effective N source controls in these settings.     

Response of Bird Populations to Farmland Set-Aside Programs

Abstract:  The role of agricultural landscapes in biodiversity conservation has been largely ignored despite their potential role in conserving declining species. Within agricultural landscapes, set-aside programs may offer the most promising conservation opportunities due to the large area involved in these programs. I explored the relationship between set-aside effect size—on the basis of data from field studies of birds in cropland and set-aside fields—and population changes following establishment of these fields. Species whose abundance was most strongly influenced by the establishment of set-aside lands also tended to show positive changes in population trends following broad-scale implementation of the set-aside program. This relationship was strongest for grassland obligate birds, a group of birds experiencing broad-scale population declines throughout North America. There is now increasing evidence that set-aside lands within the United States are providing population-level benefits to grassland birds. Nevertheless, there are also increasing concerns about the stability of these set-aside lands in the face of increased demand for crops and rising commodity prices. If set-aside area within the United States is allowed to decline, additional declines of birds and perhaps other taxa within agricultural landscapes seem likely.     

山东省农业多功能的时空演化特征与驱动机制分析

农业供给侧改革与乡村振兴背景下,深入挖掘各地区农业多种功能,统筹不同农业功能特征地域的协调发展,成为促进农业增收、实现农业可持续发展、保障食物安全的关键。农业多功能的演变受到区域农业资源禀赋与社会经济发展水平和阶段的复杂影响。以山东省为例,选取2004年、2011年、2017年三个时间截面,构建农业多功能评价指标体系,运用空间错位指数、回归分析等方法对县域农业多功能的时空演变规律与驱动机制进行分析。研究发现：（1）2004—2017年,山东省农业的农产品供给功能和经济发展功能分别呈先升后降和先降后升的增长态势,社会保障功能和生态服务功能分别呈持续下降和先降后升的下降趋势。（2）研究期内,农产品供给功能与生态服务功能对农业资源禀赋依赖较强,分别呈现出沿平原—丘陵—山地递减与递增的空间格局;经济发展功能与社会保障功能受社会经济发展水平和阶段影响较大,时空差异明显。（3）各驱动因子对于同一功能中不同要素的作用方向与强度存在差异,引发农业各功能结构的变化。基于功能视角提出山东省农业转型发展的路径选择与分区优化策略。     

农业开发与区域可持续发展

农业开发活动属于自然资源开发 ,一切开发过程都牵动生态系统 ,但农业开发类型多 ,开发区域不同 ,对生态环境影响不同。本文论述了农业开发对区域生态环境造成的影响 ,并提出了我国可持续农业开发的主要对策     

滇南地区农业环境及其优势农产品污染物含量状况浅析

对493个农业环境及优势农产品样品进行采样检测，除个别样品中的个别参数出现轻微超标外，其余均未超标，数据超标率仅0．3％，若按每个样品中一项参数出现超标即为不合格判定，则99．1％的环境样品，97．4％的农产品样品为合格。