An Integrated Ecosystem Assessment of the Interior Columbia Basin

Driven by the need to replace interim direction, address recent species listings as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act, and break the gridlock of implementing actions, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (FS) and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), initiated an effort to develop a scientifically-sound, ecosystem-based strategy for lands they administer in the Interior Columbia Basin. The effort included an integrated assessment of 58.3 million ha in seven states describing the Basin's current conditions and risks associated with different management strategies. The assessment provides the foundation for environmental impact statements outlining management direction for 31 million hectares of FS and BLM administered lands. The process produced a framework for ecosystem management, ecosystem component (social, economic, landscape, terrestrial, and aquatic) assessments, and estimates of ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency.     

沼泽湿地生态系统呼吸与温度、氮素及植物生长的相互关系

沼泽湿地生态系统呼吸排放CO₂通量同时受温度、营养元素（N）和植物生长状况的共同影响和相互制约.通过对三江平原沼泽湿地小叶章（Doyeuxia angustifolia）草甸研究发现,CO₂排放通量与温度、氮素和植物生长状况（主要是株高、叶面积和生物量）均存在一定的非线性正相关的关系.其中,生态系统呼吸与温度的变化符合Arrhenius方程.整个生长季生态系统呼吸平均通量与氮输入水平存在指数相关的关系; 与植物体氮含量符合2次函数的关系;与生物量存在对数相关关系;与不同时期的株高均存在较显著的线性相关关系.不同水平的氮输入后,生态系统呼吸与对照处理比较分别升高了20％,42％和142％;生物量分别增大了26％,44％和375％;叶片和植株的氮含量均发生了相应地变化.     

亲水生态城市及其模式探讨

水环境是城市形成的过程中不可缺少的要素。文章从水环境对城市发展的重要作用出发,提出亲水生态城市的概念以及亲水生态城市的建设模式,为城市的发展提供参考意见。     

典型湿地生态系统碳循环模拟与预测

以植物生理生态特性和有机碳周转动力学原理为基础,利用室内模拟培养试验结果率定了温度、积水强度、冻融交替对湿地有机碳分解矿化的影响参数,建立了典型湿地生态系统碳循环模拟模型.利用实地观测的数据对模型进行了检验,对模型的灵敏性进行了分析,同时利用该模型进行了情景预测.结果表明,所建模型能较好地模拟中温带（三江平原）和亚热带（洞庭湖）湿地生态系统的碳通量和碳累积特征,沉积物呼吸的模拟值与实测值呈极显著相关关系（p<0.01）;三江平原常年积水沼泽有机碳密度约为80×10⁹ g·km^-2,洞庭湖湿地碳密度约为20×10⁹ g·km^-2;三江平原常年积水沼泽和季节性积水沼泽每年碳的净固定速率分别为104　g·m^-2和76 g·m^-2;该模型对温度和大气CO₂浓度变化反应敏感.在既定的水文条件下,大气CO₂浓度升高和增温可能会使湿地生态系统的碳交换变得更为活跃;在CO₂浓度倍增和增温小于2.5℃的气候变化情景时,系统净初级生产力（NPP）和积累的有机碳密度增加,系统仍为大气的CO₂ 汇,但气候变暖的进一步加剧并不利于湿地有机碳的积累,由于CO₂施肥效应和温度升高增加的系统NPP补偿不了因温度升高导致的沉积物呼吸速率加快而损失的碳,季节性积水沼泽生态系统积累的有机碳甚至出现明显的下降趋势.     

辽河流域水生态分区研究

依据河流生态学中的格局与尺度理论,对流域水生态分区的内涵进行辨析,从理论上对区划方法进行了研究.通过对辽河流域自然要素及水生态特征的分析,建立了辽河流域水生态分区体系.明确了各级分区的主要内容与分区依据,提出了各级分区的特征指标,从而建立了流域水生态分区的指标与方法体系.结果表明,辽河流域包括2级水生态区,一级区可根据流域水资源空间特征差异进行划分,其目的是反映大尺度水文格局对水生态统的影响规律,二级区是根据地貌、植被、土壤和土地利用等自然要素进行划分,目的是反映流域尺度的地形、地貌及植被对河流栖息地环境特征的影响.在GIS技术支持下,采用多指标叠加分析和专家判断方法,将辽河流域划分为3个一级区、14个二级区,对不同分区的水生态系统特征及其所面临的生态环境问题进行了总结.对水生态分区在流域管理中的应用进行研究,提出了基于水生态区的环境管理技术支撑体系.     

喀斯特石漠化生态恢复中的生物多样性研究进展

喀斯特生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,生态恢复是喀斯特石漠化治理的核心任务,研究石漠化生态恢复机理、优化生态系统功能、提升生态系统服务和实现喀斯特生态环境可持续发展是当前石漠化治理的重要议题.通过对遗传、物种、生态系统和景观四个层次生物多样性退化与恢复的关注,生物多样性作为重要的生态系统特征及表征指标,在石漠化生...     

基于IRGA通量箱法的草坪夏季晴天CO_2净交换量日动态

利用红外气体箱式法(Infrared Gas Analyze,IRGA),于2008年8月晴天对福州市马尼拉草坪(Zoysia matrel-la)的生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)和环境因子进行观测,阐明NEE及其组分的昼夜动态变化特征和影响因子。马尼拉草坪NEE的昼夜变化呈现为单峰型曲线,昼间其变化规律较强,夜间呈波动状态。NEE(取绝对值)最大值出现在10:00,最小值出现在16:00左右。太阳辐射、腔室内空气相对湿度和气温与NEE的相关性均为极显著(p<0.01),太阳辐射、腔室内空气相对湿度和5cm土壤温度共同解释NEE速率昼夜变异的89.30%。太阳辐射和腔室内空气相对湿度是影响草坪生态系统CO2净交换量日动态的主导环境因子;其中,太阳辐射可以单独解释NEE速率昼夜变化的79.70%,腔室内空气相对湿度可以单独解释NEE速率昼夜变化的50.40%;夏季晴天草坪生态系统在日尺度上表现为净吸收,平均CO2净交换速率为-4.11μmol/(m2.s)(负值表示吸收),平均日总通量为-0.18 mol/(m2.d)。     

The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods

Abstract:  The Greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside polar regions and are the source of the 10 largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring. The cascading effects of rising temperatures and loss of ice and snow in the region are affecting, for example, water availability (amounts, seasonality), biodiversity (endemic species, predator–prey relations), ecosystem boundary shifts (tree-line movements, high-elevation ecosystem changes), and global feedbacks (monsoonal shifts, loss of soil carbon). Climate change will also have environmental and social impacts that will likely increase uncertainty in water supplies and agricultural production for human populations across Asia. A common understanding of climate change needs to be developed through regional and local-scale research so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be identified and implemented. The challenges brought about by climate change in the Greater Himalayas can only be addressed through increased regional collaboration in scientific research and policy making.     

Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Abstract:  Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lacking. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sampling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants significantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAIC_c < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30–40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.     

水生生态系统中的微生物—金属相互作用

阐述了水生生态系统中的微生物—金属相互作用的3种基本形式,即胞内相互作用,胞表相互作用和胞外相互作用;论述了微生物在水生生态系统中有毒金属的迁移和循环模式中所起的重要作用。