利用SPAMS研究西安市重污染天气细颗粒物污染特征及来源

为了对西安市冬季重污染过程中的细颗粒物进行动态源解析,于2016年12月5-22日,利用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）在西安市城市运动公园开展连续观测.将观测期分为4个阶段,结合气象条件对不同阶段细颗粒物的污染特征进行分析比较.依据质谱特征,将所采集到的颗粒分为EC（元素碳）、OC（有机碳）、ECOC（混合碳）、HM（重金属）、LEV（左旋葡聚糖）、SiO₃（矿尘）、K（钾）、Na（钠）、HOC（有机大分子）及Other（其他）类.结果表明:观测期间所采集到的OC类颗粒物数量最多,在重污染阶段OC、K和EC类颗粒物占颗粒总数的70%以上,是重污染天气的主要组成颗粒.在雾霾消散期,OC、LEV和SiO₃类颗粒是主要类型颗粒物.根据颗粒物的化学类型及离子特征,利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解）模型法得到6种污染源贡献率分别为27.7%（燃煤源）、22.3%（二次污染源）、20.4%（交通源）、10.4%（生物质燃烧源）、9.7%（工艺过程源）、6.5%（扬尘源）及3.0%（其他未知源）.研究显示:在重污染阶段,燃煤源与交通源占比大幅上升,与二次污染源共同造成了此次重污染天气;在雾霾消散期,扬尘源及生物质燃烧源成为大气细颗粒物的主要污染源.      

基于积分响应模型的气溶胶静电分级器设计与粒径分布测量

为改善气溶胶静电分级器分级测量性能,建立了其传递函数和积分响应理论模型.通过对关键参数理论模拟,设置了静电分级器样气流速、鞘气和样气流速比例等关键参数,并且通过试验对理论模型进行了验证,评价了该静电分级器分级测量性能.模拟结果表明,提高气流流速可以改善静电分级器的分级性能,而鞘气和样气流速比例过大会降低其传输效率,过小则会影响分辨率,流速比例可以设定为5~25.试验结果表明,积分响应理论计算的粒子数浓度与该静电分级器试验测量结果呈线性相关（R2=0.98）.研究显示,该静电分级器测量粒径与预测粒径的误差在5.0%以内,线性相关（R2=0.99）,且测量多个单分散和多分散粒径浓度谱型与商业化SMPS（scanning mobility particle sizer,扫描电迁移颗粒物粒径谱仪）基本一致,该传递函数和积分响应模型显著提高了静电分级器分级测量性能.      

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.     

两种典型污染时段鹤山市大气细颗粒污染特征及来源

PM_2.5和O₃浓度超标是我国大气污染的主要特征,研究两种典型污染时段的细颗粒化学组成、混合状态和来源对治理大气污染具有重要意义.2016年11月10—20日广东省鹤山市先后出现了PM_2.5和O₃超标的污染事件.污染期间,采用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）对细颗粒进行实时采样分析,共采集到有正负化学组成信息的颗粒422 944个,占总颗粒数的19.2%.基于单颗粒质谱数据特征,使用自适应共振神经元网络算法（ART-2a）,对单颗粒数据进行自适应分类.颗粒物划分为OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、ECOC（元素-有机碳混合）、HOC（高分子有机碳）、Pb-rich（富铅）、Si-rich（富硅）、LEV（左旋葡聚糖）、K-Secondary（钾二次）、Na-rich（海盐）和HM（重金属）颗粒共10类.结果表明:两个PM_2.5污染时段EC颗粒和K-Secondary颗粒的占比高,EC颗粒分别占46.5%和61.1%,K-Secondary颗粒分别占14.3%和10.3%;O₃污染时段EC颗粒占比（39.4%）最高,其次是OC颗粒占比17.0%;两种污染时段OC组分与HSO₄-和NO₃-的混合程度都有明显的上升,说明污染有利于有机气溶胶的老化.由源解析结果可知,PM_2.5污染时段,细颗粒主要来源于燃煤、机动车尾气和扬尘,而O₃污染时段细颗粒主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧和扬尘;此外,两种污染时段燃煤源对细颗粒的贡献都有较大提升.研究显示,控制燃煤源的排放对污染物的降低有着重要影响.      

重庆市北碚城区气溶胶中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

为了研究重庆市北碚城区大气碳质气溶胶组分的污染特征,于2014年3月~2015年2月采用安德森采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,用DRI Model 2001 A热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度.结果表明,北碚城区PM_(2.1)和PM_(9.0)中OC和EC的年平均浓度分别为(16.3±7.6)、(1.8±0.7)和(25.0±9.7)、(3.2±1.3)μg·m-3.在PM_(2.1)中,OC和EC均呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征,而PM_(9.0)中OC呈现出夏春季大于冬秋季,EC呈现出冬春季大于夏秋季的季节变化特征.对全年OC和EC的粒径进行分析,发现OC在整个粒径上呈现"双峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段;EC呈现出"三峰型"分布,其中细粒子段峰值位于0.43~0.65μm粒径段,粗粒子段峰值位于4.7~5.8μm粒径段,同时2.1~3.3μm粒径段也出现一个明显峰值.对OC和EC进行相关性分析并对PM_(2.1)中的SOC进行估算,发现北碚城区全年SOC浓度为(6.3±5.9)μg·m-3,占全年OC的33.5%±22.6%,且OC和EC显著相关.最后对北碚城区大气气溶胶的污染来源进行分析,发现污染主要来源于汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧和燃煤排放.     

遵义市尘污染分析及其防治对策

对遵义市1996—2001年间TSP和FD为代表的尘污染情况进行了比较分析，结果显示TSP与FD之间缺乏相关性。同时确立了遵义市尘污染的防治思路。即：减少工业区排放控制TSP，加强局地扬尘管理控制FD，并依此提出了系列防治对策。     

喷雾液滴在容器气流中的运动分析与计算

对喷雾干燥脱硫中液滴在具有气流的竖立容器内的运动情况进行了分析，提出了有关计算式，为喷雾干燥脱硫容器和其他类似容器的设计提供了较为科学的计算依据。     

不同铝聚合形态对聚合铝混凝效果的影响

通过氯化铝(铝单体或初聚物形态Ala)、高Alb含量聚合铝(中等聚合形态Alb)、高Alc含量聚合铝(铝溶胶等高聚合形态Alc)和工业PACl(不同聚合度铝的混合形态Alabc)对某水厂沉后水实际水样进行烧杯混凝实验,依据絮体生长状况、浊度、UV254、颗粒数和过滤指数等参数综合评价不同铝形态的混凝作用效果,从而得出铝的最佳混凝形态.结果表明,高Alb含量聚合铝对浊度去除较好;而高Alc含量聚合铝对于颗粒物和UV254的去除效果较佳.     

白腐真菌胞外聚合物及其对菌体吸附Pb2+的影响

以黄孢原毛平革菌为研究对象,探讨了白腐真菌胞外聚合物及其对白腐真菌吸附Pb2+的影响.通过培养实验,研究了白腐真菌胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的产量、组成以及对Pb2+吸附量的影响,并采用带能谱仪的环境扫描电镜(ESEM-EDX)表征了胞外聚合物提取前后及P...     

Effects of humic acid on recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs

Particle surface characteristics, floc recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs were investigated using in situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) and microbalance with or without humic acid. Experimental results indicated that the zeta potential of kaolin particle surface after adsorption of humic acid was related with humic acid concentration and its acid-base bu ering capacity. Adsorption of humic acid resulted in more negative electrophoresis on the particle surface. Coagulant dosages for particles to form flocs would increase with increasing humic concentration. PIV was used to evaluate floc structural fragmentation, floc surface erosion as well as recoverability after high shear. It was found that the floc size during the steady phase of growth was small, while the regrowing capability decreased in the presence of humic acid. The recoverability was closely related with floc breakage modes including floc structural fragmentation and floc surface erosion. The fractal dimensions of alum-kaolin flocs by mass-size method based on microbalance would decrease with increasing humic concentration. This study proved that humic acid had adverse influences on the performance of coagulation process.