挡气板对综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散影响规律研究

为研究挡气板对综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散影响规律,采用Fluent软件模拟增设挡气板条件下泄漏燃气浓度分布特性,研究挡气板对探测效果及危险区域分布影响规律.结果表明:无通风情况下,增设挡气板可提升探测效果;正常通风条件下,探测效果无明显提升;挡气板高度达到0.5 m后,继续增加设置高度,探测效果无显著提升;无通风条件下,受挡...     

The role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location by the stingless bee, Melipona panamica

Melipona panamica foragers can deposit a scent beacon that influences the orientation of foragers near a food source. In misdirection experiments, newcomers (bees from the same colony as trained foragers) consistently preferred the feeder at which trained foragers had fed (training feeder) over an identical feeder at which bees had never fed (control feeder) even when the training feeder was placed at a site where experienced foragers had never foraged. Through similar misdirection experiments, the effective radius of the scent beacon was determined to be greater than 6 and less than 12 m. Foragers may deposit this beacon during a sequence of departure behaviors performed at the feeder. Prior to leaving the feeder with a load of sugar solution, bees tended to perform the following sequence of behaviors: (1) spinning, (2) grooming, (3) abdomen dragging, (4) excreting anal droplets, and (5) producing sounds, although not all behaviors were performed prior to each departure or at all sucrose concentrations (0.5–2.5 m). As sucrose concentration increased, the number of newcomers significantly increased, and the number of experienced foragers producing sounds and spinning on the feeder increased. The exact source of the scent beacon remains a mystery. However, three important sources have been excluded. When choosing between identical paired feeders, foragers were not attracted to the feeders with (1) anal droplets, (2) extracts of sucrose solution at which foragers had fed, or (3) mandibular gland extracts. They were indifferent to the first two preparations and exhibited only typical alarm behavior towards the mandibular gland (MG) extract: they oriented towards the feeder with MG extract but consistently landed on the feeder with no MG extract. Other authors have suggested that Melipona foragers deposit anal droplets to attract recruits, however the frequency of anal droplet production and the mass of anal droplets produced by M. panamica foragers are negatively correlated with sucrose concentration. Thus the scent beacon is evidently not deposited with anal droplets, infused into the feeder solution, or produced by mandibular glands. Received: 2 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 January 1998     

放射源远程自动监控管理体系的构建

以苏州的若干家放射源使用单位为例,从点位源的剂量监测、视频监控、红外报警、数据传输等方面出发,围绕提高放射源自动监控这一主题,展开了放射源远程自动监控体系的探索.     

湖北省畜禽养殖污染现状及总量控制

通过畜禽产排污系数以及2011年湖北省的统计数据,估算出湖北省2011年畜禽养殖业畜禽粪便总量及COD、氮、磷的产生量,分析了污染物对环境污染的情况,并对湖北省畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2011年湖北省畜禽的粪便总量为8 479.8万t,主要分布在襄阳市、黄冈市、孝感市。全省粪便耕地负荷为16.2 t/hm~2/a,警报值为0.54,分级级数为II,对环境构成污染的威胁为"稍有"。全省氮、磷的耕地负荷分别为157.9 kg/hm~2/a、24.5 kg/hm~2/a,其中,鄂州市、黄冈市均超过欧盟限量标准(氮170 kg/hm~2/a、磷35 kg/hm~2/a)。2011年湖北省的实际养殖总量分别为7 868.5万头猪当量(N)、9 725.3万头猪当量(P),都超过畜禽50%环境容量(为4 599.4万头猪当量(N),7 161.1万头猪当量(P)。除了荆州市外,其他大部分地区的实际养殖数量都超过50%环境容量,这些地区应该严格控制畜禽的养殖数量并同时做好污染物消减措施。     

A design method of a plant alarm system for first alarm alternative signals using a modularized CE model

Management of a plant alarm system has been identified as one of the key safety issues because of disasters caused by alarm floods. When a chemical plant is at abnormal state, an alarm system must provide useful information to operators as the third layer of an independent protection layer (IPL). Therefore, a method of designing a plant alarm system is important for plant safety. Because the plant is maintained in the plant lifecycle, the alarm system for the plant should be properly managed through the plant lifecycle. To manage changes, the design rationales of the alarm system should be explained explicitly. This paper investigates a logical and systematic alarm system design method that explicitly explains the design rationales from know-why information for proper management of changes through the plant lifecycle. In the method, the module structure proposed by Hamaguchi et al. (2011) to assign a fault origin to be distinguished is extended. Using modules to investigate the sets of alarm sensors and the alarm limits setting for first alarm alternative signals to distinguish the fault origin, an alarm system design method is proposed. Also, the completeness of fault propagation for a branch of the cause–effect model as the plant model is explained. Using the modules and the set of fault origins to be distinguished by the alarm system, we try to explicitly explain the design rationales of the alarm system.     

可燃气体检测报警联动排风控制系统

可燃气体检测报警联动排风控制系统具有手动、定时启动、自动启动和关闭轴流风机的功能,能及时排除工作场所内积聚的可燃气体,实现本质安全化.     

建筑设计中的火灾自动报警系统

阐述了火灾自动报警系统对火灾预警及消防的作用,详细说明了火灾自动报警系统各组成部分的功能及工作原理,从而提高有关部门的防火意识和进一步推广火灾报警系统的应用。     

Design principles for engaging and retaining virtual citizen scientists

Citizen science initiatives encourage volunteer participants to collect and interpret data and contribute to formal scientific projects. The growth of virtual citizen science (VCS), facilitated through websites and mobile applications since the mid‐2000s, has been driven by a combination of software innovations and mobile technologies, growing scientific data flows without commensurate increases in resources to handle them, and the desire of internet‐connected participants to contribute to collective outputs. However, the increasing availability of internet‐based activities requires individual VCS projects to compete for the attention of volunteers and promote their long‐term retention. We examined program and platform design principles that might allow VCS initiatives to compete more effectively for volunteers, increase productivity of project participants, and retain contributors over time. We surveyed key personnel engaged in managing a sample of VCS projects to identify the principles and practices they pursued for these purposes and led a team in a heuristic evaluation of volunteer engagement, website or application usability, and participant retention. We received 40 completed survey responses (33% response rate) and completed a heuristic evaluation of 20 VCS program sites. The majority of the VCS programs focused on scientific outcomes, whereas the educational and social benefits of program participation, variables that are consistently ranked as important for volunteer engagement and retention, were incidental. Evaluators indicated usability, across most of the VCS program sites, was higher and less variable than the ratings for participant engagement and retention. In the context of growing competition for the attention of internet volunteers, increased attention to the motivations of virtual citizen scientists may help VCS programs sustain the necessary engagement and retention of their volunteers.     

炼化过程工艺报警管理研究

为了从根本上减少炼化过程工艺参数的滋扰报警数量,提出一种工艺报警管理方法,包含管理和技术两个层面。在管理层面,明确报警管理职责与分工,报警参数、报警优先级及报警值的设置原则,以及在报警处置、报警考核等方面的要求;在技术层面,以报警的评估与优化技术为手段,从工艺和仪表方面减少报警数量,提升报警性能。现场应用效果表明,提出的报警管理方法可大幅减少炼化过程的无效报警数量,从而降低装置运行风险。     

无线遥控可燃气体泄漏报警系统的设计

利用半导体气敏传感器、无线电收/发模块等器件,设计了无线遥控可燃气体报警系统.该系统对泄漏的可燃气体或有毒气体的浓度进行检测,遥控距离3 000 m,可用于工业、民用、公共场所的气体泄漏安全报警及大气污染检测等.