Chytridiomycosis and Seasonal Mortality of Tropical Stream‐Associated Frogs 15 Years after Introduction of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Assessing the effects of diseases on wildlife populations can be difficult in the absence of observed mortalities, but it is crucial for threat assessment and conservation. We performed an intensive capture‐mark‐recapture study across seasons and years to investigate the effect of chytridiomycosis on demographics in 2 populations of the threatened common mist frog (Litoria rheocola) in the lowland wet tropics of Queensland, Australia. Infection prevalence was the best predictor for apparent survival probability in adult males and varied widely with season (0–65%). Infection prevalence was highest in winter months when monthly survival probabilities were low (approximately 70%). Populations at both sites exhibited very low annual survival probabilities (12–15%) but high recruitment (71–91%), which resulted in population growth rates that fluctuated seasonally. Our results suggest that even in the absence of observed mortalities and continued declines, and despite host–pathogen co‐existence for multiple host generations over almost 2 decades, chytridiomycosis continues to have substantial seasonally fluctuating population‐level effects on amphibian survival, which necessitates increased recruitment for population persistence. Similarly infected populations may thus be under continued threat from chytridiomycosis which may render them vulnerable to other threatening processes, particularly those affecting recruitment success. Quitridiomicosis y Mortalidad Estacional de Ranas Asociadas a Arroyos Tropicales Quince Años Después de la Introducción de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisvsp     

基于因果依赖图的HAZOP推理方法研究

HAZOP分析方法自提出至今在石油化工领域一直被广泛应用,为代替传统HAZOP人工头脑风暴分析的过程,提出基于因果依赖图(CDG)的HAZOP推理方法,即CDG-HAZOP。首先建立系统的多级流模型,将系统生产过程抽象为流过程,用简单的功能图形符号来表示复杂的装置,然后利用多级流模型中的告警分析算法代替人工头脑风暴分析,推理偏差的可能原因和结果。CDG-HAZOP推理机制将传统HAZOP分析的重点由人工分析大量资料转移到多级流模型(MFM)的建立和校验上,能节约人工成本。将CDG-HAZOP推理方法用于催化裂化装置的反应-再生系统,对该系统可能发生的偏差进行原因和后果推理。     

Near-Miss定义及管理流程分析

作为事故金字塔的基座,Near-Miss管理在企业HSE管理乃至整个企业管理中起着非常重要的作用。通过消除底部的Near-Miss,可以最大限度地消除隐患,避免顶端意外事件的发生,提升企业HSE业绩,提高企业的运行效率。通过比较分析,可将Near-Miss翻译为"虚惊事件"。一个完整的Near-Miss管理可分解为八个流程,每个流程缺一不可,且前面的流程决定了后面流程的完成情况。通过八个流程的充分运行,可以获得Near-Miss管理效益的最大化,最终提升企业的HSE管理水平。     

大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全监控预警系统设计

大型石油、天然气、成品油,易燃易爆,储罐群区危险物质存量大,极易引起灾难性的事故发生。如何在经济高速发展过程中保证安全,是安全生产急需解决的技术难题。本文系统设计面向大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全管理工作的实际需要,兼顾罐区安全管理、实时监控预警及应急救援等多方面的工作,设计一套技术先进、运行成熟、操作简单、扩展性好、容易维护和使用方便的油品储罐区安全监控预警系统,实现大型油气储罐区安全管控一体化,确保大型油气储罐的生产安全和社会安全发展。     

基于贝叶斯估计的炼化装置动态告警管理方法研究

针对现有告警管理方法无法判断炼化装置运行中的过渡过程,对过渡过程不能进行准确有效地监测和管理,提出 了基于贝叶斯估计的动态告警线计算方法。通过训练历史过渡过程数据得到先验概率,自适应判断过渡过程和估计动态 告警线,解决了传统告警线的斜率不能赋值且只能依靠人为调节的问题,并可通过判断系统状态调节告警管理方式。经 常压塔原油进料流量调整和减压炉干气流量工艺调节的过渡过程现场数据验证,结果表明:与传统告警管理方法相比, 基于贝叶斯估计的动态告警管理方法的误告警总数量减少了87.34%,避免了告警洪水的发生,提高了炼化工艺运行的安 全性和可靠性。     

WATER ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES IMPACTS OF REORGANIZATION1

ABSTRACT: Water management in England and Wales has undergone a major transformation in the past three decades, and especially under the 1963 and 1973 legislation. It has witnessed a shift from local to national responsibility, an integration of functions, and a move towards the incorporation of economic principles into water policies. For some observers the new legislation appeared to be “pioneering” and “farsighted.” There is little doubt it has resulted in many beneficial changes. But not all the goals have been achieved. Modifications of the 1973 legislation are already in prospect. This article reviews the progress to date and comments on the problems now to be faced.     

钻井和修井天车防碰控制系统的研制

介绍了石油钻井和修井天车防碰控制系统的工作原理、主要技术指标、操作使用和维护检查与注意事项，分析了推广应用前景。     

浅析石化企业常用气体报警器的特性及使用中的注意事项

介绍了气体检测报警器中催化燃烧式、红外式、电化学式、光电离式传感器的工作原理,提出了不同气体检测报警器使用中的注意事项。     

大型选煤厂粉尘在线监测与智能喷雾降尘系统研究

为解决大型选煤厂粉尘污染问题,提出了粉尘在线监测与智能喷雾相结合的降尘技术.以同煤集团塔山选煤厂输煤系统为研究背景,采用理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟等方法对输煤系统尘源扩散机理进行了研究.采用κ-ε湍流模型、欧拉模型和离散相模型(DPM)进行模拟,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算.模拟结果与实测数据基本一致.结果表明:在诱导风流的作用下输煤系统粉尘质量浓度较大,并以给料机及导料槽为中心径向逐步降低;同时,粉尘在线监测与智能喷雾降尘技术能有效降低输煤系统空间粉尘质量浓度,改善作业环境,空间粉尘质量浓度保持在国家标准以下.     

Influence of volunteer and project characteristics on data quality of biological surveys

Volunteer involvement in biological surveys is becoming common in conservation and ecology, prompting questions on the quality of data collected in such surveys. In a systematic review of the peer‐reviewed literature on the quality of data collected by volunteers, we examined the characteristics of volunteers (e.g., age, prior knowledge) and projects (e.g., systematic vs. opportunistic monitoring schemes) that affect data quality with regards to standardization of sampling, accuracy and precision of data collection, spatial and temporal representation of data, and sample size. Most studies (70%, n = 71) focused on the act of data collection. The majority of assessments of volunteer characteristics (58%, n = 93) examined the effect of prior knowledge and experience on quality of the data collected, often by comparing volunteers with experts or professionals, who were usually assumed to collect higher quality data. However, when both groups’ data were compared with the same accuracy standard, professional data were more accurate in only 4 of 7 cases. The few studies that measured precision of volunteer and professional data did not conclusively show that professional data were less variable than volunteer data. To improve data quality, studies recommended changes to survey protocols, volunteer training, statistical analyses, and project structure (e.g., volunteer recruitment and retention).