工作场所有毒有害气体检测报警的法规和技术要求

通过查阅国内外有关有毒有害气体检测报警的法规、标准和文献资料,阐述工作场所有毒气体检测报警的法规和技术要求。分析表明,我国有毒有害气体检测报警法律和配套标准不够完善,部分标准重复、交叉或矛盾,缺乏系统性和可操作性,与欧美发达国家标准有较大差距。因此,应加快技术标准的完善和研制,加强对不同作业场所有毒有害气体检测报警实际应用和主要问题的研究。     

多层建筑群内消防设施强化方案研究

由于建筑绿化及地面承重结构安全等功能需要,某多层高档建筑群难以按照现行规范要求设置消防车道,使消防车无法进入,给灭火救援带来一定的困难。以某企业总部为例,针对该问题提出了强化火灾自动报警系统、室外消火栓给水系统和兼职消防队伍建设等消防强化方案。通过数值模拟方法对整个建筑群内的火灾发展趋势进行模拟研究,分析火灾对建筑附近人员安全和周围建筑安全的影响,论证了该消防强化方案的有效性,可为类似建筑提供参考。     

Sensory complementation and the acquisition of predator recognition by salmonid fishes

Following disturbance, some aquatic prey species release chemicals that act as a warning cue and increase vigilance in nearby conspecifics. Such disturbance cues evoke consistent low intensity anti-predator responses. In contrast, alarm cues from injured conspecifics often evoke stronger intensity responses in prey animals. In this study, we test the sensory complement hypothesis, which suggests that multiple cues act in an additive or synergistic fashion to provide additional information for risk assessment by prey. In the first experiment, we showed that juvenile rainbow trout pre-exposed to disturbance cues respond to a given concentration of damage-released alarm cues with a higher intensity of response than the trout that were pre-exposed to cues from undisturbed conspecifics. The two cues acted in an additive fashion. In the second experiment, we demonstrated that disturbance cues alone were not enough to elicit a conditioned response to the odour of a novel predator. We also showed that while disturbance cues elicit an increase in the response of trout to alarm cues, this increase does not translate into a stronger learned response to the predator when the predator odour is paired with alarm cues. Future studies should take into account sensory complementation to avoid underestimating the responses of prey to predators.     

基于风险的报警优先级量化设定方法研究

当前主流报警优先级设定方法操作性不佳,在进行装置报警系统优化时由于考虑维度少而无法较好优化报警系统优先级,针对该问题,建立了基于风险的报警优先级设定新方法。将标定的风险图法应用于报警优先级设定,假定某报警不存在,对出现危险情况的频率、后果严重度、可用时间、避免事故后果的可能性等进行标定,并对危险状况出现频率与可用时间进行矩阵分析,将结果运用于风险图中;针对某柴油加氢装置报警系统,应用该方法进行了报警优先级优化。结果表明:基于风险的报警优先级量化设定方法能够有效应用于优化装置报警优先级;经该方法优化的各级报警,数量分布更接近EEMUA的推荐值;对于“在所考虑的报警不存在时每年发生事故的次数”因素,研究给出3个不同的档次供企业选择,实践中,企业可结合自身可接受标准,作进一步完善。     

浙江省水质自动监测管理系统构建

概述了各地在构建水质自动监测管理系统上的探索和不足。构建了水质自动监测管理系统,统一应用平台,利用仪器仪表标识集,实施监测数据辅助审核,完善数据预警统计分析功能;通过平台对现场端仪器自动巡检,实现数据集中化管理,完善水质自动监测质量控制体系,满足了环境管理需求。     

The role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location by the stingless bee, Melipona panamica

Melipona panamica foragers can deposit a scent beacon that influences the orientation of foragers near a food source. In misdirection experiments, newcomers (bees from the same colony as trained foragers) consistently preferred the feeder at which trained foragers had fed (training feeder) over an identical feeder at which bees had never fed (control feeder) even when the training feeder was placed at a site where experienced foragers had never foraged. Through similar misdirection experiments, the effective radius of the scent beacon was determined to be greater than 6 and less than 12 m. Foragers may deposit this beacon during a sequence of departure behaviors performed at the feeder. Prior to leaving the feeder with a load of sugar solution, bees tended to perform the following sequence of behaviors: (1) spinning, (2) grooming, (3) abdomen dragging, (4) excreting anal droplets, and (5) producing sounds, although not all behaviors were performed prior to each departure or at all sucrose concentrations (0.5–2.5 m). As sucrose concentration increased, the number of newcomers significantly increased, and the number of experienced foragers producing sounds and spinning on the feeder increased. The exact source of the scent beacon remains a mystery. However, three important sources have been excluded. When choosing between identical paired feeders, foragers were not attracted to the feeders with (1) anal droplets, (2) extracts of sucrose solution at which foragers had fed, or (3) mandibular gland extracts. They were indifferent to the first two preparations and exhibited only typical alarm behavior towards the mandibular gland (MG) extract: they oriented towards the feeder with MG extract but consistently landed on the feeder with no MG extract. Other authors have suggested that Melipona foragers deposit anal droplets to attract recruits, however the frequency of anal droplet production and the mass of anal droplets produced by M. panamica foragers are negatively correlated with sucrose concentration. Thus the scent beacon is evidently not deposited with anal droplets, infused into the feeder solution, or produced by mandibular glands. Received: 2 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 January 1998     

输油管道监控系统设计与开发

管道输送具有运输量大、运费低、能耗少、损耗率低、投资少等优点,已成为原油或油品销售及运输的重要方式之一.管道或输油库一旦发生泄漏或火灾等事故,会造成输送停止、油损失、污染周边环境等严重后果.通过分析输油管道的工艺特点及危险因素,设计了输油管道临控系统的整体结构及各监控终端的硬件结构,研究了输油管道泄漏的综合分析技术方法,详细讨论了系统的信息采集、自动化控制、动态监控、状态分析、信息融合、基于GIS的输油管道管理等功能的开发内容及方法.     

挡气板对综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散影响规律研究*

为研究挡气板对综合管廊燃气泄漏扩散影响规律,采用Fluent 软件模拟增设挡气板条件下泄漏燃气浓度分布特性,研究挡气板对探测效果及危险区域分布影响规律。结果表明:无通风情况下,增设挡气板可提升探测效果;正常通风条件下,探测效果无明显提升;挡气板高度达到0.5 m后,继续增加设置高度,探测效果无显著提升;无通风条件下,受挡气板区间段阻挡作用影响,燃气浓度危险区域扩张速度减小;正常通风条件下,挡气板背风侧安全区域间接促进泄漏燃气扩散排出,可有效防止管廊内部燃气聚集。研究结果可为优化综合管廊燃气舱可燃气体探测布置方案提供新思路与理论依据。     

沉水植物黑藻腐解对微囊藻休眠体复苏的影响

模拟沉水植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生物量(以湿质量计)分别为0、10、25和50 g时,在17℃下腐解过程中对微囊藻(Microcystis)休眠体复苏的影响,并通过测定沉积物和上覆水的理化指标,探究腐解过程中环境因素的变化及其对微囊藻复苏的影响.为期84 d的腐解试验结果显示,沉水植物黑藻的腐解对微囊藻休眠体复苏具有抑制作用,且黑藻生物量越高抑制作用越强.另外,水体及沉积物中的TN、TP和总有机物含量,沉积物表面的光照强度及pH均随黑藻的腐解时间及黑藻生物量的不同而变化.黑藻的腐解会使沉积物中w(TN)升高;与无黑藻组相比,黑藻生物量越多释放到上覆水中的TN越多,但由于沉积物的吸附及微生物的作用,各试验组中上覆水ρ(TN)呈逐渐下降趋势;黑藻的腐解引起沉积物w(TP)显著升高,并在短时间内造成上覆水中ρ(TP)增加,64 d后复原到初始水平;沉积物及水体中的总有机物含量呈先升后降的趋势,在腐解后期水体中ρ(TOC)基本恢复到初始水平.在腐解过程中抑制微囊藻复苏生长的因素可能包括ρ(TP)的升高及光照强度和pH降低.      

基于物联网技术的火灾自动报警系统研究

本文针对目前火灾自动报警系统存在的问题,通过对物联网技术及特点作简要介绍,提出了将其引入火灾自动报警系统具有可行性,并在现有物联网技术的基础上提出实现火灾自动报警系统网络的模式。通过对监控和传输方式的改善,可以提高火灾自动报警系统的稳定性和可靠性,为火灾自动报警系统的设计和发展提供参考。