酸化-萃取法处理丁辛醇废水

采用酸化-萃取法处理齐鲁石化公司第二化肥厂的丁辛醇废水（简称废水）,用硫酸调节废水的pH,以该厂产品异辛醇为萃取剂,考察了各种因素对萃取效率的影响,得出较佳工艺条件：废水的pH为2．5,废水与萃取剂的体积比为4,废水温度为10℃,废水与萃取剂混合时的振摇时间为60s,萃取相和萃余相的静置分离时间为10min。在该条件下对COD为42244mg/L的废水进行二级错流萃取,COD去除率为86．82％。该法可实现对废水进行处理和资源回收的双重目的。     

糖蜜酒精废水治理现状及展望

综述糖蜜酒精废水的治理现状 ,介绍主要的治理途径 ,即资源化和直接进行污染处理的具体方法。同时指出资源化与污染治理相结合 ,是此类废水治理的理想方法。     

聚乙烯醇生物降解菌群的结构分析及优势菌株降解特性

对堆肥中降解聚乙烯醇材料的微生物菌群结构进行了分析。结果表明：降解聚乙烯醇材料的优势菌群属于芽胞杆菌科(Bacillaceae)。从降解了3年的材料表面筛选出了1株聚乙烯醇降解菌DG01,鉴定为苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis sp.)。分别以聚乙烯醇(poly(vinyl alcohol),PVA)浓度和二氧化碳排放量为指标,对PVA的降解动力学进行了研究。结果表明：PVA生物降解过程符合一级动力学模型,R²分别为0.984 0和0.983 5。对摇瓶培养条件进行了单因素优化实验。最佳降解温度,初始pH和酵母粉浓度分别为41 ℃、7和1.40 g·L⁻¹。优化后,48 h内PVA初始浓度为3 g·L⁻¹的降解率达到了45.21%,提高了2.10倍。     

The effectiveness of reducing illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving: evidence for lowering the limit to .05 BAC

PURPOSE: This scientific review provides a summary of the evidence regarding the benefits of reducing the illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving and providing a case for enacting a .05 BAC limit. RESULTS: Fourteen independent studies in the United States indicate that lowering the illegal BAC limit from .10 to .08 has resulted in 5-16% reductions in alcohol-related crashes, fatalities, or injuries. However, the illegal limit is .05 BAC in numerous countries around the world. Several studies indicate that lowering the illegal per se limit from .08 to .05 BAC also reduces alcohol-related fatalities. Laboratory studies indicate that impairment in critical driving functions begins at low BACs and that most subjects are significantly impaired at .05 BAC. The relative risk of being involved in a fatal crash as a driver is 4 to 10 times greater for drivers with BACs between .05 and .07 compared to drivers with .00 BACs. SUMMARY: There is strong evidence in the literature that lowering the BAC limit from .10 to .08 is effective, that lowering the BAC limit from .08 to .05 is effective, and that lowering the BAC limit for youth to .02 or lower is effective. These law changes serve as a general deterrent to drinking and driving and ultimately save lives. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This critical review supports the adoption of lower illegal BAC limits for driving.     

Field Evaluation of the PAS III Passive Alcohol Sensor

Passive alcohol sensors (PAS) are screening devices designed to sample nonintrusively the ambient air around a driver's mouth to determine the presence of alcohol. Studies have shown that PAS devices can aid police officers in the identification of unpaired drivers, particularly at sobriety checkpoints. Data from a 1996 nationwide survey, in which 5,392 drivers were evaluated for alcohol using both the PAS III (a passive sensor housed in a flashlight) and evidential breath test devices, have allowed the determination of appropriate criteria at various blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for detecting impaired drivers in the field. Using the appropriate criteria, the PAS III can identify about 75% of the drivers with BACs at or above 0.10%, and 70% at or above 0.08%. This is a vast improvement over the 40-50% detection rate currently achieved by police officers at checkpoints not using sensors. Using the PAS III few drivers would be identified inappropriately. At the criterion recommended for detecting BACs at or above 0.08%, about 14% of drivers with BACs of 0.02-0.05% would be incorrectly identified as having a higher BAC. Field studies have shown that when police officers rely on observation alone about 20% of drivers with low BACs are detained for further evaluation. More widespread use of passive sensors by police officers would aid in the detection of drinking drivers. Sensors also could provide an additional deterrent to the general public if they believe that when stopped by the police after drinking they will be detained for further evaluation.     

膜生物反应器(MBR)处理酒精生产废水的试验研究

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)处理酒精生产废水的特性和效果。探讨了生物降解和膜滤作用对CODCr、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的降低效果以及膜组件运行压力等。研究结果表明,膜生物反应器(MBR)中生物在2~4 h内对CODCr、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的降解效果明显,而膜滤是强化生物降解效果的补充,对CODCr,NH+4-N,TN和TP的去除均有着不同程度的效果,说明膜生物反应器能净化酒精生产废水。     

甲醛对厌氧降解糖蜜酒精废水的抑制及消除

在10 L的厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器中,研究甲醛浓度对糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧降解处理的影响,研究结果表明,甲醛浓度在0~200 mg/L内时,厌氧发酵降解相对稳定,产生抑制作用较小,当甲醛浓度大于200mg/L时,厌氧发酵降解抑制作用明显,当达到250 mg/L左右时,厌氧反应几乎停止进行,在糖蜜酒精废水溶液中添加0.75倍甲醛浓度的NS能过消除甲醛的抑制作用,维持厌氧反应的正常进行.     

红阳猕猴桃和葛根配方的解酒保肝与抗氧化作用研究

研究红阳猕猴桃、葛根及其配方组合物的解酒保肝与抗氧化作用。采用乙醇所致小鼠自主活动减少和小鼠共济失调实验评价解酒作用;采用小鼠酒精性肝损伤模型评价保肝作用,采用ELISA测定大鼠尿液中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷酸（8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）和乙酰—赖氨酸加合物（hexanoyl-lysine adduct,HEL）,以了解配方组合物对DNA过氧化和脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明,红阳猕猴桃—葛根配方可减轻酒精所致小鼠行为抑制和共济失调,提示具有解酒作用;对酒精所致小鼠肝脏MDA、TG水平升高和GSH水平降低有明显改善,提示具有保护化学性肝损伤作用;降低正常和酒精损伤大鼠尿液中过氧化生物标志物水平,提示具有较好的抗氧化作用。红阳猕猴桃—葛根配方具有快速解酒作用,且可持续2—4h;对酒精性肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制与抗氧化有关。     

芬顿法和湿式过氧化氢氧化法处理醇酮模拟水的研究

以醇酮模拟水为研究对象,系统考察了芬顿法和湿式过氧化氢氧化法主要因素的影响规律,其中包括H2O2加量、pH值、Fe2+加量、反应时间等。通过单因素实验分别得到较优的反应条件。在较优条件下,芬顿法使醇酮模拟水的COD去除率达到73.40%,B/C由原来的0.15提高至0.30;湿式过氧化氢氧化法使醇酮模拟水的COD去除率达到73.12%,B/C提高到0.36。两种处理方法较大的提高了醇酮模拟水的可生化性,为后续的深度处理创造了条件。