糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物处理研究进展

综述了国内外糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物处理的现状和综合利用的进展。     

水解-混凝法处理糖蜜酒精废水试验

采用投加优势菌群的水解 -混凝法对糖蜜酒精废水进行试验 ,研究投加优势菌的水解阶段的处理效果 ,同时 ,以 10 %碱式AlCl3为混凝剂 ,对水解段的出水进行混凝处理 ,并对处理条件进行研究。结果表明 ,采用投加优势菌群的水解 -混凝法工艺处理该废水 ,可以取得 5 8%的CODCr去除率 ,且可去除一定的色度     

Persistence of methyl <Emphasis Type="Italic">tertiary</Emphasis> butyl ether (MTBE) against metabolism by Danish vegetation

BACKGROUND: Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is the second most highly produced industrial chemical in the US and a frequent groundwater pollutant. At the same time, MTBE is quite persistent to biotic and abiotic decomposition. The goal of this study was to find plant species that could degrade MTBE and might be used in phytoremediation. METHODS: Excised roots and leaves (0.3 g) from more than 24 Danish plant species out of 15 families were kept in glass vessels with 25 ml spiked aqueous solution for 2 to 4 days. MTBE concentrations were 1 to 5 mg/L. Samples were taken directly from the solution with a needle and injected to a purge and trap unit. MTBE and the main metabolite, TBA, were measured by GC/FID. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Solutions with roots of poplar (Populus robusta) and a willow hybrid (Salix viminalis x schwerinii) produced TBA in trace amounts, probably stemming from bacteria. Significant MTBE reduction (> 10%) was not observed in any of the tests. Leaves from none of the species (trees, grasses and herbs) reduced the concentration of MTBE in the solution and no TBA, nor any other known metabolite of MTBE, was detected. CONCLUSION: It was not possible to find plants capable of efficiently degrading MTBE. This gives rise to the conclusion that plants probably cannot degrade MTBE at all, or only very slowly. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: For phytoremediation projects, this has, as consequence, that the volatilization by plants (except with genetically engineered plants) is the only relevant removal process for MTBE. For risk assessment of MTBE, degradation by the plant empire is not a relevant sink process.     

厌氧-气浮-UASB-SBR工艺处理酒精废水

介绍了厌氧-气浮-UASB-SBR处理工艺在酒精废水处理工程中的实际应用，分析并总结了工程设计及运行的经验。实践表明，经厌氧-气浮-UASB-SBR的工艺处理后，废水中COD和SS总去除效率分别可达到99．6％和99．8％以上，并可以回收大量的沼气和部分废水回用于生产过程中。该工艺具有运行稳定和处理效率高等优点，为企业带来了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

海洋微藻活体及乙醇固定状态下基因组DNA的微量提取方法

探讨了海洋微藻活体及固定状态下基因组DNA的提取方法,即作者改进的CTAB法.结果表明,CTAB改进法提取的基因组DNA蛋白质、酚、盐和小分子的污染较少,多糖成份也得到了有效去除.用5%乙醇固定样本提取DNA的效果最好,对原生动物抑制效果也较明显;10%以上的乙醇可杀死原生动物,但对DNA的降解率较大;30%以上的乙醇对细菌抑制较明显,但DNA都有较大程度的降解.本法提取的DNA可用于正常的酶切和PCR.用甲醛、甲醇/冰醋酸等其它固定液固定样品,DNA的得率低或者质量和纯度低.图7表1参27     

玉米酒精糟液高蛋白饲料化技术研究

以所选育的９５０１和９５０２菌种混和培养处理玉米酒精糟液生产生物饲料蛋白，经约４０ｈ培养后糟液ＣＯＤ由５０８９０ｍｇ／Ｌ降为５１２４ｍｇ／Ｌ，酒糟滤波ＣＯＤ由３３４５０降为５１２４ｍｇ／Ｌ，降解率达８４．７－８９．９％，经国家饲料中心检测所得微生物蛋白与通常的ＤＤＧＳ产品相比在品质上有显著提高，氨基酸总量提高达１１．８６％，其中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸分别提高１１７％和１６０％，同时还含有大量的维生素（ＶＢ     

丙酮、异丙醇的分离和顶空气相色谱测定

研究了环境大气及水质中丙酮和异丙醇的分析方法，采用顶空气相色谱法测定，用ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ３０ｍ＊５３ｕｍ和ＦＦＡＰ３０ｍ＊５３０ｕｍ大口径弹性石英毛细管柱分离，氢火争离子化检测器检测，避免了复杂的基体干扰，得到了良好的分离效果和较高的灵敏度，丙酮和异丙醇检出限最低分别＝可达０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．０４ｍｇ／Ｌ，０．００２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３、０．００３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

二氧化碳的吸收方法及机理研究

随着温室效应的日益严重,人们对二氧化碳的处理吸收给予了越来越多的关注.对于如何选择吸收量大、吸收速率快的吸收剂的研究,从来没有间断过.介绍国内外现有的二氧化碳的吸收方法,包括物理吸收法、膜吸收法、O2/CO2燃烧法、化学吸收法等,分析各种方法的特点及优缺点,指出有机胺吸收技术是目前较优势的方法.对伯胺、仲胺、叔胺及混合胺等有机胺吸收CO2的机理进行了分析和探讨,并根据吸收机理,采用多原子氮有机胺TETA与MEA、DEA、TEA进行混合实验,给出了初步的实验结果.     

Evaluation of a responsible beverage service and enforcement program: Effects on bar patron intoxication and potential impaired driving by young adults

Objective: Studies of alcohol-related harm (violence, injury, illness) suggest that the most significant risk factors are the amount of alcohol consumed and whether obviously intoxicated patrons continue to be served. This study's objective was to investigate the effects of a responsible beverage service (RBS)/enhanced alcohol enforcement intervention on bars, bar patrons, and impaired driving.

Method: Two communities—Monroe County, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio—participated in a demonstration program and evaluation. The intervention applied RBS training, targeted enforcement, and corrective actions by law enforcement to a random sample of 10 identified problem bars in each community compared to 10 matched nonintervention problem bars. Data were collected over 3 waves on bar serving practices, bar patron intoxication, drinking and driving, and other alcohol-related harm from intervention and control bars and treatment and comparison communities.

Results: In Monroe County, New York, of the 14 outcome measures analyzed, 7 measures showed statistically significant differences from pre- to postintervention. Six of those measures indicated changes in the desired or positive direction and 2 measures were in the undesired or negative direction. Of note in the positive direction, the percentage of intervention bar patrons who were intoxicated decreased from 44 to 27% and the average blood alcohol concentration of patrons decreased from 0.097 to 0.059 g/dL pre- to postintervention. In Cleveland, Ohio, 6 of the 14 measures showed statistically significant changes pre- to postintervention with 6 in the positive direction and 4 in the negative direction. Of note, the percentage of pseudo-intoxicated patrons denied service in intervention bars increased from 6 to 29%.

Conclusions: Of the 14 outcome measures that were analyzed in each community, most indicated positive changes associated with the intervention, but others showed negative associations. About half of the measures showed no significance, the sample sizes were too small, or the data were unavailable. Therefore, at best, the results of these demonstration programs were mixed. There were, however, some positive indications from the intervention. It appears that when bar managers and owners are aware of the program and its enforcement and when servers are properly trained in RBS, fewer patrons may become intoxicated and greater efforts may be made to deny service to obviously intoxicated patrons. Given that about half of arrested impaired drivers had their last drink at a licensed establishment, widespread implementation of this strategy has the potential to help reduce impaired driving.     

Understanding the context of alcohol impaired driving for fatal crash–involved drivers: A descriptive case analysis

Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the social context and circumstances surrounding alcohol-impaired driving prior to fatal crash involvement for drivers with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC ≥ 0.05 g/100 ml or 0.00 g/100 ml for restricted license holders).

Methods: Coroners' case reports investigating fatal crashes in South Australia over a 3-year period (2008–2010) were examined. The personal and crash characteristics of drivers with an illegal BAC were compared with those who had a legal BAC. For each driver with an illegal BAC, information was recorded including characteristics of last trip, location and social context of alcohol consumption, quantity and type of alcohol consumed, BAC level, presence of drugs, perceived alcohol intoxication, and alcohol dependence. Official traffic offense records were also obtained.

Results: Of the 284 fatal crashes included in the study, 34% (n = 95) involved a driver or rider with an illegal BAC. Prior to the crash, alcohol was most frequently consumed by drivers in rural areas, within private homes, and was part of normal social activities. Drivers recorded a high level of alcohol impairment, with a mean BAC of 0.173 g/100 ml and a level of alcohol dependence that was above the Australian national average (7.4 vs. 3.9%). In addition, 23% of drivers were known to be experiencing psychological stress at the time of the crash. The results also confirm that drink driving recidivism continues to be a significant problem, with 44% of drivers recording at least one prior alcohol driving offense.

Conclusions: Alcohol-impaired driving continues to be a leading cause of fatal crashes. The popularity of drinking at home, particularly in rural areas, has implications for police enforcement strategies and suggests that drink driving interventions that focus on community values and looking after friends might be beneficial. Importantly, the study highlights the need for a broader holistic approach to reduce the high levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence underlying drink driving behavior.