重庆市特大旱灾的自然与社会机制分析

文章针对2006年的特大旱灾探讨了2006年的特大旱灾的特征,分析了2006年特大旱灾的形成自然机制和社会机制,并提出了今后重庆市抗御旱灾的策略。认为2006年的特大旱灾是自然因素与社会因素叠加的结果,是人类社会经济系统自身易损性的体现。     

La2O3-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂还原脱硫耐氧特性及其反应机理研究

用浸渍法制备了一系列稀土催化剂,研究了其催化CO还原SO2为单质硫的耐氧特性及影响其耐氧性能的主要因素,运用XRD技术分析了催化剂物相的变化及脱硫产物成分.结果表明,12% La2O3-8% CeO2/γ-Al2O3复组分催化剂比其他La2O3-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有更好的耐氧性能;脱硫温度、催化剂用量、SO2与CO的摩尔比等对催化剂的耐氧性能均有明显的影响.最后,探讨了稀土催化剂脱硫机理,并分析在有O2条件下,引起脱硫率下降的原因是反应过程中O2与CO、S发生了竞争性反应.     

预处理后的活性污泥对锌吸附的研究

剩余活性污泥处理是当今的热点问题,从活性污泥资源化的角度出发,将活性污泥加工成为锌离子的生物吸附剂,比较了8种方法预处理后的活性污泥对锌的吸附效果,分析了这8种方法对污泥吸附能力的影响机理.对经过NaOH和H2O2处理的污泥的吸附特性和影响因素进行了研究,结果表明该吸附过程符合Psemio-seconal Order吸附动力学模型及Freunomch吸附等温模型,低pH不利于吸附,适当提高温度可以增强吸附效果,增加污泥吸附剂浓度可以增加金属离子去除率,但是单位质量吸附剂吸附金属离子的量减小.用红外光谱对比的手段对吸附机理进行了探讨,结果表明污泥颗粒表面一些含氮氧的基团对zn.'的络合作用是主要的吸附机理.该研究在污泥资源化和废水中锌离子的去除方面有重要意义.     

污水污泥间壁热干燥实验研究

研究了污泥间壁热干燥的工艺过程,分析了其工艺参数、冷凝水水质和产生的污染气体,探讨了有机物水解机理.结果表明,污泥含水率与停留时间呈负指数函数相关.收集到的干燥冷凝水属高浓度有机废水,其总有机碳（TOC）、挥发性有机酸（VFA）和氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度均很高,pH值保持在9～9.5.干燥冷凝水中挥发性有机酸和氨氮来源于2部分：低温110 ～130℃时,主要发生蛋白质的水解,生成有机酸和氨氮;高温140～150℃时,主要发生脂肪类的水解,生成有机酸.干燥温度低于150 ℃时,污泥间壁热干燥过程无污染气体产生.     

基于连通法的甲烷简化机理构筑研究

采用连通法,针对甲烷复杂反应机理,成功地进行了不同水平的机理简化研究。通过建立组分依赖关系的正规化Jacobian矩阵,精确地查明了燃烧组分之间的耦合关系,分别构造出仅包含重要化学路径的两个动力学简化模型,获得的简化机理分别包含227和138个反应,分别涉及39和26种组分。通过对层流预混火焰结构的模拟,所得简化机理和原详细反应动力学机理关于火焰结构的计算吻合很好,计算结果显示,两个简化机理具有较高的模拟精度。     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

CDM Project Activities in China＇s Iron and Steel Industry：Current Status,Barriers and Development Strategies

China is now facing huge pressure from both the domestic concern of energy security and the global community's call for emission reduction commitment. As one of the major energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters, China's iron and steel industry has a huge clean development mechanism (CDM) potential. This article both quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the current status of CDM project activities in the iron and steel industry in China, including characteristics of approved project types, applicable methodologies, and potential technology fields. From the perspective of project implementation, the article summarizes development barriers such as high investment risk, difficulty in project identification, strict requirements on PPDs, long registration waiting time, and etc. Policy suggestions are also put forwarded to help better promote the development of CDM projects in the iron and steel industry.     

湖泊型水源地管理研究——以苏州市太湖水源地为例

饮用水安全是最大的民生工程,也是自然资源管理研究的热点。基于实地调研、部门访谈和制度条文的梳理与分析,以苏州市太湖水源地为例研究湖泊型水源地管理体制。研究表明：我国水源地管理由国家、省、市、县的法律法规、规章和规范性文件构成相对完善的制度体系,具有水资源和水环境分割管理、流域管理和行政区管理交错的制度特征,初步具备了综合管理的架构;水源保护缺乏流域管治的思维,农村面源污染治理制度支撑不足;在管理手段上以命令控制型手段为主,经济激励与公众参与不足。建立水源地综合管理协调机制,完善经济激励手段,推进公众参与,实施水源地管理共同责任机制将有利于提高水源地管理效率