Study on mechanics and domino effect of large-scale goaf cave-in

A large area of continuous solid shallow-buried goaf group created by open-stope method, under the influence of space-time effects exerted by slow creep of the pillar-roof system, will wholly collapse driven by partly instability of pillar and roof collapse until the whole mine collapses, showing a domino effect. The dynamic process is ignored in the traditional analysis of mechanical stability. Based on analysis for the domino effect and disaster-relief mechanism in the mining goaf, the mechanical method combined with Voronoi graph method has been adopted to establish the dynamic analysis on the pillar-roof system stability. It seems more in line with the actual situations, and can help to more accurately predict the time and location of disaster. The conclusion is of great value on study of rock mechanics and mining companies’ safety production.     

Parametric approach of the domino effect for structural fragments

More specific and accurate probabilistic models of the numbers of fragments generated respectively by Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs), Mechanical Explosions (MEs), Confined Explosions (CEs), and Runaway Reactions (RRs) of a horizontal cylindrical vessel were developed using the maximum entropy principle based on historical accident data. The theoretical results from the four probability density functions were compared to the observed data, and the numbers of fragments followed discrete exponential distributions in the interval [1, 9]. Beside the summary of the probabilistic distributions of the other random variables in the process of fragment projection, the effects on the fragment trajectory and target terms were investigated using a parametric approach. The results showed that using the complete model, wind shear, turbulence, and absence of fragment rotation caused the fragments to impact within shorter distances; fragment rotation and lack of wind decreased the probability of impact within a given distance, but the rupture probability of the target was not affected by fragment rotation or wind. The probabilistic confidence intervals of fragment range, impact, and target penetration became narrower with the number of simulation runs, but the accuracy of the results increased. The probability of fragment impact increased with the volume of the target vessel and the degree of filling of the explosion vessel, but did not depend on the kind of explosion. The probability of target rupture increased slowly with the degree of filling of the explosion vessel, but was little influenced by the volume of the target vessel or the kind of explosion.     

假单胞茵胞内酶粗提液对藻毒素MCLR的降解

对比研究了假单胞菌M-6及其细胞内外提取液对微囊藻毒素-LR(MCLR)的降解效率.结果表明,细胞外提取液对藻毒素没有降解作用,胞内酶粗提液能在24h内降解MCLR,日均MCLR降解率是纯菌株M-6的4.7倍.进而研究了酶蛋白浓度、底物MCLR浓度、pH值及环境温度对胞内酶粗提液降解藻毒素效率的影响.当MCLR浓度为15.0mg·l~(-1)时,MCLR适宜的酶促降解反应条件为:酶蛋白浓度280mg·l~(-1),温度为30℃,反应pH值为7.0.MCLR液相色谱结构变化图表明,至少有3种酶参与了胞内酶粗提液降解MCLR的分子过程.     

An approach to estimating the individual risk for toxic-gas releases using the load-resistance model

A new approach to quantify the uncertainty of the individual risk for toxic releases is presented in this paper. The individual risk is defined as the probability of fatality per year. The probability of fatality is calculated by a classical load-resistance model based on reliability (survivability) theory. The load effect is defined as the concentration intensity to which a human is exposed. Furthermore, the resistance is defined as the human tolerance to a certain concentration load in this study. The Monte Carlo method is used to obtain the probability distributions of outputs (the load effect and resistance) propagated from the uncertainties of the input variables. The fatality probability exceeding a limit state can then be obtained by comparing pairs of samples from the load effect and the resistance distributions. The separation of sampling from the load and resistance distributions is also proposed to allow more efficient calculation than that achieved by the classical Monte Carlo method. The analytical risk estimates computed by the load-resistance model are compared to conventional risk estimates that correspond to the upper-end percentile of the load-effect distribution. A case study shows that the conventional risk estimates can be directed to wrong decisions when the load-effect distribution has upper-end tail heaviness.     

基于Voronoi图和时间效应的矿柱失稳预测

针对香炉山大规模地下采空区,借助Voronoi图确定分摊面积来模拟矿柱荷载分布、矿柱破坏、荷载转移以及荷载重新分布的过程,从而确定现阶段的不稳定矿柱,并在此基础上考虑时间效应。用该方法可得出,目前香炉山钨矿不稳定矿柱的失稳不会造成大规模的坍塌,考虑时间效应,则20年时间效应内二四坑口的南区有发生连续坍塌的可能。为防止矿柱发生大范围坍塌,结合香炉山钨矿的实际情况,最终确定胶结充填法为该矿山当前处理空区的最适宜方法。     

职业病危害预评价中某调漆间防护设施的分析与评价

建设项目职业病危害预评价以职业病危害因素的识别和分析为基础,重点对职业病防护设施设置的符合性和有效性进行分析和评价。以某调漆间职业病危害预评价为例,对调漆间可能存在的职业病危害因素进行了识别和分析,通过检查表法对职业病防护设施设置的符合性进行了分析和评价;在防护设施设置符合性分析与评价的基础上,逐一对职业接触限值、控制风速等职业病防护设施有效性评价指标进行了分析与评价,并提出了在调漆操作位应设置吹吸式通风装置或通风柜的建议。     

工业碳减排绩效及其影响因素动态分解

进入21 世纪以来,中国工业碳排放总量仍在波动中增长。为了考查近10 a 来中国工业碳减排绩效,并定量分析影响工业碳减排的主要因素对碳减排的贡献变化情况,论文通过构建中国工业碳排放数据库并运用“精确”的Laspeyres 分解方法,对中国2001-2010 年36 个工业行业CO₂减排的影响因素进行了动态分解,研究结果表明：①虽然中国工业CO₂排放总量在不断增加,但CO₂排放增长率和工业碳排放强度双双降低,在考察周期内,CO₂排放总量从2001 年 2.89×10⁹ t 增长到2010 年7.16×10⁹ t,工业碳排放量增长率则从2003 年最高值18.86%持续下降至2009 年的5.77%,工业整体碳排放强度由2001 年的29.14 t/104元下降到2010 年的18.12 t/10⁴ 元;②工业经济规模不断增加是工业CO₂排放增加的主导因素,技术进步和结构调整则有效抑制了CO₂的增加,10 a 间规模效应对CO₂排放总量增加的贡献度年均达到191.81%,但是由于受到技术进步效应和结构调整效应的共同作用,10 a 来总效应值年均只有109.15%;③较之技术进步效应,结构调整效应对工业CO₂减排的贡献度更大,结构调整效应累计促进碳减排达2.07× 10⁹ t,而技术进步效应促进减排的总量只有1.14×10⁹ t。论文认为,着力中长期减排政策的制定,以保证技术进步在碳减排中持续发挥作用,同时充分挖掘结构调整对减排作用潜力是中国实现工业碳减排的务实选择。     

氮沉降对华北落叶松叶特性和林下土壤特性的短期影响

以50 a生华北落叶松天然次生林为研究对象,采用全生长季野外多水平林地施氮对比试验的方法,结合树叶特性和林下土壤理化性质测定,设置对照（CK,0 g·m-2·a-1）、低氮（LN,8 g·m-2·a-1）、高氮（HN,15 g·m-2·a-1）3个施氮水平,进行短期氮沉降模拟试验,分析了短期氮沉降对华北落叶松针叶及林下0~10、10~20 cm两层土壤中土壤营养动态的影响,为华北落叶松林的群落结构优化调整、可持续经营管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明：为期一个生长季的短期施氮显著增加了华北落叶松林下0~20 cm土壤层中TOC、NH4＋-N、NO3–-N的含量,却未影响土壤pH值和TN含量,且对表层（0~10 cm）土壤的影响更明显,但整个生长季内月份间的变化较大。短期施氮也导致50 a生华北落叶松针叶的宽度（W）、长度（L）、氮含量（LN）、比叶面积（SLA）和投影面积（PA）显著增加,但未影响叶生物量（LM）和叶有机碳含量（LC）。同时,叶氮含量与0~20 cm层、10~20 cm层土壤中全氮含量以及10~20 cm层土壤中NH4＋-N含量显著正相关,叶有机碳含量则与0~20 cm层土壤有机碳含量和0~10 cm层土壤全氮含量亦呈正相关关系。以上结果说明,华北落叶松天然次生林处于氮限制状态,短期氮沉降可能会提高土壤肥力并促进树木的生长,有利于华北落叶松天然次生林生产力的提高。     

环境浓度下的混合抗生素对普通小球藻的联合毒性

近年来,抗生素已成为一类备受关注的新型环境污染物。为了探究这类化合物对各类生物的毒性效应,本实验以红霉素(ERY)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)这3种常见的抗生素作为代表,研究其单独作用和两两联合作用对普通小球藻的生长、蛋白合成及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:ERY、ENR和SMX对小球藻的96 h-EC50分别为85.7、124.5和1 672.7μg·L~(-1),且3种抗生素两两联合时对小球藻的毒性作用类型均为协同作用。此外,当暴露于环境浓度的抗生素时,无论是单独加药还是联合加药,除ERY处理组的小球藻的蛋白合成被轻微抑制外,其他各处理组的蛋白含量与对照组相比,均展现出低剂量刺激效应。对于MDA产量,ENR处理组的MDA含量与对照组无显著差异,其他各处理组均高于对照组;故环境浓度下的ENR并没有对小球藻造成明显的氧化损伤,而其他2种抗生素则对小球藻造成了氧化损伤。该研究为低浓度混合抗生素在淡水环境中联合暴露的生态风险评估提供了科学依据。     

医疗废物非焚烧处理技术述评

文章从提出医疗废物的危害性入手,介绍了我国当前的医疗废物管理和处理处置现状。通过分析和比较蒸汽灭菌法、热裂解法、微波处理法、等离子体法等几种处理方法,寻求适宜我国国情的医疗废物处理方法。