农户对替代生计的选择及其影响因素分析——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

论文通过实地调查获得研究数据,分析了农区、 半农半牧区、 纯牧区农户替代生计选择的结果及特征,采用Logistic回归模型对影响农户替代生计选择意愿的因素进行分析。研究得出:①在替代生计的选择上,纯牧区农户主要选择特色产品加工、 做生意、 现代畜牧业,农区和半农半牧区农户主要选择做生意、 外出打工和旅游服务业;②农户对替代生计的选择表现出生计路径依赖性、 区域差异性和多样性特征;③农户对替代生计的选择偏好受生计资本的影响,自然资本、 社会资本、 家庭整体劳动能力、 家庭整体受教育水平、 家庭拥有的牲畜数量、 户主的学历和年龄分别对不同替代生计的选择影响显著。地方政府应深入了解农户选择替代生计的特点和影响因素,根据不同家庭的情况设计相应的转型政策促进农户尽快提高生计能力。     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

农业水分利用率及其对环境和管理活动的响应

全球变化引起全球温度升高,降水格局发生变化,使淡水资源更加匮乏。农业是占据首位的用水大户。如何节约农用水,提高农业水分利用率(WUE)是节约淡水资源,促进水资源的可持续利用,加快干旱和半干旱地区社会经济发展的关键。农业水分利用效率的概念及其表达式根据不同尺度、应用目的等而不同。提高WUE主要有两种原则:减少地表径流和蒸发,以及提高作物的蒸腾效率。论文描绘了提高农业水分利用率的模式图,提出了今后应着重研究的方向。     

北方农牧交错带降水极值变化空间特征

农牧交错带是我国生态环境脆弱带,以109个气象站1971～1998年间的逐日降水资料,分析了农牧交错带年降水量、侵蚀性降水及暴雨等方面降水极值的时间变化及空间分布。结果显示农牧交错带平均每年发生侵蚀性降水的日数在3.5～17.6d之间,暴雨日数在0～2.6d之间;大部分地区的年降水量、侵蚀性降水量及暴雨量等都呈现不同程度的增加趋势,但暴雨量以及侵蚀性降水量等降水极值指标增加趋势更明显,反映出多数地区降水强度增加、降水侵蚀的潜在能力增强的特征;局部地区的降水极值呈减少趋势。     

对拜泉县生态农业建设与可持续发展的思考

结合拜泉县生态农业建设的具体经验,介绍了生态建设的具体做法,总结了生态农业建设取得的成就,对县域生态农业建设具有一定的参考价值.     

保水剂性能及其农用安全性评价研究进展

保水剂能够吸收其自身体积和重量数倍的水分从而增加土壤含水率、改善土壤团粒结构、提高肥料利用效率,促进农作物生长,在节水农业生产等方面具有广泛的潜在应用价值.本文介绍了国内外保水剂的种类、性能、在农业中的应用等方面的最新研究进展,评述了保水剂对土壤的物理性质、作物生长的影响,并指出其中存在的问题.鉴于保水剂使用不当对土壤环境曾造成危害,因此本文提出在保水剂的应用环节中,在注重其保水性能的同时,还应借鉴化学品环境安全评价的方法,系统评估保水剂的使用对土壤生态可能造成的影响,特别是对土壤微生物生态的影响,避免盲目投入造成的土壤板结、土壤肥力下降等不利影响,填补保水剂对环境影响研究的空白.     

海洋干湿交替环境下电偶腐蚀及其研究方法进展

主要分析了海洋干湿交替环境下干湿比、间浸频率、盐分浓缩、腐蚀产物等因素对电偶腐蚀的影响。简单介绍了电偶腐蚀研究方法如浸泡法、电化学实验法,以及近年来电偶腐蚀研究新技术,指出电偶腐蚀研究中面临的问题并对今后电偶腐蚀研究方向进行展望。     

长江经济带农业源非二氧化碳温室气体排放的时空特征

利用清单方法核算了1980~2016年长江经济带农业源非二氧化碳（CO₂）温室气体的排放总量和排放强度,分析了不同经济发展情景和农业-环境脱钩状态下长江经济带2030年和2050年的排放情景.研究表明：时间维度上,1980~2016年长江经济带农业源非CO₂温室气体排放总量呈上升趋势,从0.26Gt CO₂-eq上升到0.32Gt CO₂-eq;2030年和2050年在高情景和中情景2种情景下,长江经济带农业源非CO₂温室气体排放量不会达峰,江苏、湖南、重庆、云南、湖北和安徽等六省（市）的单位农地面积排放强度将增加;3种情景下,四川始终为单位农地面积排放强度较低的地区.     

Greener growing: assessing the influence of gardening practices on the ecological viability of community gardens in South East Queensland,Australia

While claims about the environmental benefits of community gardens abound, few researchers have systematically assessed the ecological integrity of gardening practices. This study investigated gardening practices in 50 community gardens in Brisbane and Gold Coast cities, Australia. The study aimed to better understand how gardening practices might affect the ecological viability of community gardens. Factors investigated included: garden bio-physical characteristics, operators’ motivations, gardeners’ socio-demographic backgrounds, garden facilities and types of plants grown. Two broad types of gardens were identified: permaculture (21 gardens) and non-permaculture (29 gardens). Permaculture gardens used lower-impact gardening practices. Findings have policy implications for environmental planning and management.     

Agricultural landscapes as multi-scale public good and the role of the Common Agricultural Policy

During the last 50 years, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has impacted the evolution of European agricultural landscapes by driving changes in land use and farming practices. We propose a typology characterising the scales relevant for agricultural landscapes management and argue that action is required on three scales: (1) a landscape oriented management at the farm level; (2) the coordination of land managers’ actions at the landscape level; and (3) the conservation of the diversity of agricultural landscapes in the EU. We provide evidence that until now the CAP has mainly focused on the first scale. We also illustrate how agricultural policy could encourage coordinated actions at the landscape- and EU-scales. In particular, we propose policy instruments to coordinate actions of individual land owners (e.g. collective bonus in agro-environmental contracts or support to environmental cooperatives (scale 2)). We also analyse how the recognition and transposition of the European Landscape Convention could promote trans-frontier landscape cooperation in order, not only to conserve high-quality rural landscapes, but also to ensure the conservation of the diversity of EU landscapes (scale 3). This paper provides a knowledge base to support an integrated CAP design in the direction of improved landscape management, as an important component of the EU project towards more sustainable agriculture.