Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park,Southeastern Peru

Abstract: Amphibians are declining worldwide, but these declines have been particularly dramatic in tropical mountains, where high endemism and vulnerability to an introduced fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is associated with amphibian extinctions. We surveyed frogs in the Peruvian Andes in montane forests along a steep elevational gradient (1200–3700 m). We used visual encounter surveys to sample stream‐dwelling and arboreal species and leaf‐litter plots to sample terrestrial‐breeding species. We compared species richness and abundance among the wet seasons of 1999, 2008, and 2009. Despite similar sampling effort among years, the number of species (46 in 1999) declined by 47% between 1999 and 2008 and by 38% between 1999 and 2009. When we combined the number of species we found in 2008 and 2009, the decline from 1999 was 36%. Declines of stream‐dwelling and arboreal species (a reduction in species richness of 55%) were much greater than declines of terrestrial‐breeding species (reduction of 20% in 2008 and 24% in 2009). Similarly, abundances of stream‐dwelling and arboreal frogs were lower in the combined 2008–2009 period than in 1999, whereas densities of frogs in leaf‐litter plots did not differ among survey years. These declines may be associated with the infection of frogs with Bd. B. dendrobatidis prevalence correlated significantly with the proportion of species that were absent from the 2008 and 2009 surveys along the elevational gradient. Our results suggest Bd may have arrived at the site between 1999 and 2007, which is consistent with the hypothesis that this pathogen is spreading in epidemic waves along the Andean cordilleras. Our results also indicate a rapid decline of frog species richness and abundance in our study area, a national park that contains many endemic amphibian species and is high in amphibian species richness.     

青海湖地区不同海拔黄土磁化率环境指示意义

青藏高原黄土蕴含丰富的古气候信息,但青海湖地区黄土中磁化率指示意义尚不明确,鉴于粒度指标意义明晰,对青海湖地区多个黄土剖面进行磁化率?—?粒度相关性研究,探究磁化率的指示意义,结果表明不同海拔磁化率存在差异:(1)低于3300 m时,磁化率和粒度对古环境指示作用较好,即气候暖湿,成壤作用增强,黏粒增加,强磁性矿物增加,磁化率升高,气候冷干时相反;海拔改变导致土壤环境变化,磁化率随海拔上升而增加.(2)高于3400 m时,粒度的古环境指示作用明确但磁化率不敏感,可能因为高海拔地区土壤易处于还原环境,强磁性矿物被溶解导致磁化率异常,磁化率随海拔上升而降低.     

Lifting Belts: A Review

This article reviews and evaluates the literature related to the effectiveness of protective restraints on abdominal strength, lower back injuries, and workers’ discomfort. The studies indicate that back belts have potential disadvantages as well as advantages. Belts seem to reduce lifting stress. They may, however, lead to a false sense of security while being worn and may also weaken the body, so injury occurs when they are not being worn. There also seems to be comfort problems with some belts. More scientific research is needed before any conclusions can be drawn about positive, negative, or long-term effects of lifting belts.     

BREAKUP-MAGMATIC TECTONICS MODEL OF SOUTHEAST CHINA CONTINENT

Mes0z0icgeolugy-structureevulLltiuIlufsuuthetistChi1latSuutheastn1argi11ufEurasiacontinent,ischieflycharactirizedbyspread-breakupufc0ntine11talcrustinNNE-SNtrendacc0mpaniedwithlarge-scalen1agnlaticactivityufcuutinenttypeandshvwnupdistinctcrustalstructure,geuphysicalparan1etersa11dstrueturalurigillinfurn1atiunungeuchemetry'Theseinfurmatiunin1p1iesthatt[1eCu11tinentaccretedbYmeansufbreakupingvnc0ntinentalmarginandcvntinentizatiunufucea11iccurst,n1eallwhile,newcrustal8ruwthlayerwasfurmedbyn1a…     

喀喇昆仑山-西昆仑山地区的垂直自然带、环境和自然保护问题

喀喇昆仑山—西昆仑山地区属于青藏高原西北部寒冷干旱的荒漠、半荒漠地带,是连结高山荒漠和山地荒漠的关键区域。根据垂直自然带谱的基带及各分带的组合配置形式,可区分出干旱、极干旱、高寒干旱及高寒半干旱四种结构类型组。垂直自然带的区域变化明显,喀喇昆仑山与西昆仑山育显著不同,不仅南北翼有别,东西方向的递变也很突出,反映出大尺度的地域分异规律。全新世以来,干旱化的趋势十分明显,人类活动引起的环境问题突出,建议对雪岭云杉和昆仑圆柏等采取保护措施,并在羌塘高原腹地建立高原自然景观及野生动植物自然保护区。     

冈底斯火山-岩浆弧中段邦多地区火山构造特征

在冈底斯火山—岩浆弧中段的邦多地区,火山构造丰富多彩,且独具特色。根据区域构造背景、火山岩地层时空分布特征、岩性、岩相及喷发形式,将研究区划分为三个火山喷发带,其中宁果—措麦火山喷发带又可划分为宁果和德诺两个火山构造洼地,卢当—查孜火山喷发带划分为孔隆—邦勒、松拉勒—腊尔格和孔驹密波—查孜三个火山喷发亚带。研究区共圈定火山机构62处。文章较全面地阐述了各级火山构造的基本特征,总结了各自的分布规律和产出状态,为在整个冈底斯地区开展火山岩地质及矿产调研,奠定了扎实的基础。     

利用RAPD标记分析卧龙自然保护区不同海拔沙棘种群的遗传变异

从1800m到3400m五个海拔连续取样,用RAPD分子标记研究了卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘种群的遗传结构和遗传变异.用11条寡核苷酸引物,扩增得到151个重复性好的位点,其中143个多态位点,多态率达94.7%.在5个沙棘种群中,总遗传多样性值(HT)为0.289,B种群内的遗传多样性值为0.315,这完全符合沙棘这种多年生、远交的木本植物高遗传变异的特性.5个种群内遗传多样性随海拔升高呈低—高—低变异趋势,在2200m海拔处的B种群遗传多样性达最大值0.315,3400m海拔处的E种群则表现最小,仅0.098.5个种群间的遗传分化值GST=0.406,也即是说有40.6%的遗传变异存在于种群间,59.4%存在种群内.1800m海拔处的A种群与其他种群的明显分离是造成种群间遗传分化大的原因.UPGMA聚类图和PCoA散点图分别进一步确证了5个种群间关系和所有个体间的关系.最后,经过Mantel检测,遗传距离与海拔表现了明显的相关性(r=0.646,P=0.011).     

State-level seat belt use in the United States, 2011–2016: Comparison of self-reported with observed use and use by fatally injured occupants

Introduction: Despite 49 states and the District of Columbia having seat belt laws that permit either primary or secondary enforcement, nearly half of persons who die in passenger vehicle crashes in the United States are unbelted. Monitoring seat belt use is important for measuring the effectiveness of strategies to increase belt use. Objective: Document self-reported seat belt use by state seat belt enforcement type and compare 2016 self-reported belt use with observed use and use among passenger vehicle occupant (PVO) fatalities. Methods: We analyzed the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) self-reported seat belt use data during 2011–2016. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to compare the 2016 BRFSS state estimates with observed seat belt use from state-based surveys and with unrestrained PVO fatalities from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Results: During 2011–2016, national self-reported seat belt use ranged from 86–88%. In 2016, national self-reported use (87%) lagged observed use (90%) by 3 percentage points. By state, the 2016 self-reported use ranged from 64% in South Dakota to 93% in California, Hawaii, and Oregon. Seat belt use averaged 7 percentage points higher in primary enforcement states (89%) than in secondary states (82%). Self-reported state estimates were strongly positively correlated with state observational estimates (r = 0.80) and strongly negatively correlated with the proportion of unrestrained PVO fatalities (r = −0.77). Conclusion: National self-reported seat belt use remained essentially stable during 2011–2016 at around 87%, but large variations existed across states. Practical Applications: If seat belt use in secondary enforcement states matched use in primary enforcement states for 2016, an additional 3.98 million adults would have been belted. Renewed attention to increasing seat belt use will be needed to reduce motor-vehicle fatalities. Self-reported and observational seat belt data complement one another and can aid in designing targeted and multifaceted interventions.     

Protecting River Corridors in Vermont1

Kline, Michael and Barry Cahoon, 2010. Protecting River Corridors in Vermont. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):227-236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00417.x Abstract: The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources’ current strategy for restoring aquatic habitat, water quality, and riparian ecosystem services is the protection of fluvial geomorphic-based river corridors and associated wetland and floodplain attributes and functions. Vermont has assessed over 1,350 miles of stream channels to determine how natural processes have been modified by channel management activities, corridor encroachments, and land use/land cover changes. Nearly three quarters of Vermont field-assessed reaches are incised limiting access to floodplains and thus reducing important ecosystem services such as flood and erosion hazard mitigation, sediment storage, and nutrient uptake. River corridor planning is conducted with geomorphic data to identify opportunities and constraints to mitigating the effects of physical stressors. Corridors are sized based on the meander belt width and assigned a sensitivity rating based on the likelihood of channel adjustment due to stressors. The approach adopted by Vermont is fundamentally based on restoring fluvial processes associated with dynamic equilibrium, and associated habitat features. Managing toward fluvial equilibrium is taking hold across Vermont through adoption of municipal fluvial erosion hazard zoning and purchase of river corridor easements, or local channel and floodplain management rights. These tools signify a shift away from primarily active management approaches of varying success that largely worked against natural river form and process, to a current community-based, primarily passive approach to accommodate floodplain reestablishment through fluvial processes.     

防火线的研究进展

本文综述了植物防火线采用的植物,建立和维护方法,并对生土带的建立和维护方法作了概述。最后,提出了与防火建设结合的 其他措施,如营造针阔混交林,林内放牧等。