Analytical Investigations on a Releasing Agent Application in Aluminium Diecasting (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Releasing agents, applied in the aluminium diecasting process, usually consist of water, oils, waxes, polysiloxanes, as well as of a set of additives like emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. During spray application and part release, gases and aerosols are emitted into workplace air. The chemical compositions of these emissions are determined by the components of the releasing agents and their reaction products formed during thermal stress of more than 700 °C. In the frame of the joint project, the analytical tasks were to develop an appropriate sampling strategy for this production environment, to draw conclusions about the occurrence of hazardous chemicals from production plant studies and from laboratory-scale thermolysis experiments, and to determine the biodegradability of customary releasing agents. Methods During realistic test production, active air sampling was performed in a production hall using different adsorption materials. Cotton fabric sheets were positioned in the production area as passive samplers. Thermolysis experiments were performed at 600 °C with sealed quartz ampoules. The biodegradability of different releasing agents was determined according to German industry standard DIN 51828 (2000). For analyses, GC/MS (headspace), FTIR, HPLC, IC, and ICP-OES techniques were applied. Results and Discussion The substance spectrum, which was found in workplace air, was dominated by saturated and non-saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Besides these, alcohols, alkyl phenols, xylenes and other benzene derivatives, aldehydes, glycols, carboxylic acid esters, and amides were present. The German limiting value of 40 mg/m3 of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in a diecasting workplace atmosphere was clearly under-run. Total hydrocarbon contents ranged between 2.7 and 6.3 mg/m3. Five different PAH were found in the air close to the diecasting machine, with maximum concentrations between 0.05 and 3.06 μg/m3. Concentrations of nonylphenols ranged from 10 to 200 μg/m3, and those of triethanolamine from 20 to 30 μg/m3. From 17 elements analyzed, only B, Fe, P, S, Si, and Ti were emitted in small amounts. It was striking that the PAH patterns resulting from thermolysis experiments were quite the same compared to those determined during the diecasting process. An influence of water and of Fe/Al on the composition of the thermolysis products could mostly be shown. The degrees of biodegradation of three releasing agent extracts after 21 days were 21%, 29%, and 55%, respectively. Conclusion A sampling strategy was developed, which allows an emission assessment for the industrial process of aluminium diecasting. It enabled one to control limiting values, to characterise a wide variety of compounds emitted, and to identify and quantify relevant pollutants. Only a few hazardous substances could be detected during the exemplary use of one releasing agent within the compounds emitted into workplace air. Indications were found, that the prediction of the formation of harmful substances from releasing agent components should be possible via thermolysis experiments. The biodegradability test can serve to assess the expenditure of disposal of the usual leakage run-off of excess agent during production. Recommendation and Outlook Investigations on further differently composed releasing agents, e.g. powders, would be desirable. A substitution of nonylphenol ethoxylates by less harmful components would surely be an improvement of a releasing agent with regard to work safety and health care, because of avoiding the emission of toxic and endocrine active nonylphenols. The surprisingly wide range of biodegradability of the investigated releasing agents points to an optimization potential, that has obviously not yet been considered.     

化学物添加控制湖泊内源磷负荷的有效性研究

利用太湖五里湖湖水和未受破坏原柱状沉积物样组成的系统进行投加生石灰、铁盐和铝盐的湖水脱磷效果的实验室研究。分别一次性向各柱状样上覆水体中投加6种不同质量浓度的铝盐、钙盐和铁盐溶液,经过一段时间的观察和测定。结果表明,3种化学物的添加均能使实验上覆水体中总磷质量浓度大幅度降低,并且随着投加的生石灰、铁盐和铝盐的量的增加,上覆水体中总磷的质量浓度下降幅度越大,水体中总磷的去除率越高,同时这3种化学物的添加对湖泊沉积物内源磷的释放有一定的抑制作用。     

废铝的回收处理与现代技术

本文分析了我国废铝回收处理现状,论述了废铝回收与现代技术的关系,指出废铝的回收分类标准和废铝的直接改制利用应引起人们的重视。     

聚合氯化铁铝应用于城市污水一级处理试验研究

以济南市水质净化一厂初沉池进水为试验水样,在设定的反应条件下,以浊度、COD、TP、TN、NH3-N等为测定指标,做了大量的烧杯搅拌试验,综合分析了聚合氯化铁铝(PFAC)的处理效果。试验结果显示其最佳投药量为25mg/L左右,去除率浊度在90%以上、COD70%～90%、TP70%～95%左右、TN、NH3-N分别在30%和15%左右。     

薄液膜下铝合金与不锈钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的研究与不锈钢偶接时铝合金的腐蚀行为与机理。方法依据ASTM G149标准制备电偶试样,在循环盐雾箱中模拟薄液膜下2024铝合金与316L不锈钢之间的电偶腐蚀过程,分别在腐蚀6,12,18,24,30 d后取出试样,进行质量损失分析、截面与点蚀坑形貌分析、以及电化学阻抗谱测试。结果偶接之后2024铝合金的质量损失量是非偶接条件下的将近10倍。偶接后2024铝合金在腐蚀6 d后就形成了约20μm厚的腐蚀产物层,且随着腐蚀时间的增加,腐蚀产物层越来越致密,越来越厚。偶接后点蚀坑则主要在横向扩展,在纵深方向扩展较小。结论电偶作用不仅加速了铝合金的腐蚀,还改变了其腐蚀过程,而且这种作用在腐蚀的初期不明显,在腐蚀后期较为显著。     

含铝离子的聚硅酸絮凝剂研究

以硅酸钠、硫骏、硫酸铝为原料制备含右铝离子的聚硅酸絮凝剂(简称PSAA),试验它的絮凝特性及影响因素,并与聚合氯化铝(简称PAC)的絮凝效果进行比较。实验结果表明,铝离子的含量对PSAA的絮凝特性影响很大,当Al~(3+)/siO_2的摩尔比为1时絮凝效果最好,在pH=5—10的范围内,PSAA具有良好的絮凝效果。与PAC相比,PSAA具有絮凝效果好、价格低廉、适用的pH范围较宽等特点。     

聚硅硫酸铝的制备及其絮凝性能

以Na2SiO3·9H2O,Al2（SO4）3·18H2O为原料,加入一定量稳定剂,采用复合法制备出高铝含量且稳定的聚硅硫酸铝（PASS）。研究结果表明：采用磷酸氢二钠与烷基糖苷（质量比为1：1）作为复合稳定剂,在碱化度为1．5～1．8、Ⅳ（A1）：Ⅳ（Si）=1．0～3．0的条件下,合成的PASS絮凝效果最佳;复合稳定剂对废水的COD去除率及浊度去除率影响不大,但能显著改善絮凝产品的稳定性;PASS可用于处理pH范围较宽（pH为6．0—11．0）的工业废水,且处理前后废水pH变化不大;PASS对低温低浊度废水有较好的絮凝效果;在加入量相同的情况下,PASS的絮凝性能明显优于聚合硫酸铝、硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铁,当PASS加入量为40～100恤L／L时,废水浊度去除率达98％以上。     

电絮凝法去除水中微量叔丁醇的研究

采用电絮凝法对水中微量的叔丁醇(TBA)进行去除,分别考察了电极材料、极板间距、电流密度、溶液初始pH值对叔丁醇去除效果的影响.结果表明,以铝为阳极、不锈钢为阴极,极板间距为1.4cm,电流密度为20mA/cm2,溶液初始pH值为8时,电解120min后叔丁醇的去除率为80.4％,此时铝阳极实际损耗量(1.93kg/m...     

废铝易拉罐粉末对U(Ⅵ)的去除效果与机理

以废铝易拉罐为原料,通过除漆、研磨等制得废铝易拉罐粉末(SAlCP)。利用SAlCP处理含U(VI)废水,优化处理工艺条件,采用SEM和XPS技术对SAlCP进行表征,并探讨了SAlCP去除U(Ⅵ)的机理。实验结果表明:在反应温度为30℃、溶液初始pH为5.0、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、SAlCP投加量为4 g/L、反应时间为120 min的优选条件下,U(Ⅵ)的去除率达98.2%。SAlCP去除U(Ⅵ)的反应过程可用拟一级动力学模型和Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型能较好地拟合。SAlCP的作用机理是还原沉淀-吸附共沉,且还原作用是SAlCP去除U(Ⅵ)的主要途径。     

絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理含高浓度硫酸盐的洗涤剂生产废水

采用絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理含高浓度硫酸盐的洗涤剂生产废水（简称废水）,考察了各种因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明：根据实际废水的水质情况,选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）为絮凝剂,PAC最佳加入量为0．3g／L,经絮凝处理后COD去除率为42．3％;Fenton试剂氧化的最佳操作条件为：n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=0．5、H2O2加入量为7mmol／L、反应时间为2h,不调节废水初始pH,经Fenton试剂氧化处理后COD去除率为70％以上。经絮凝沉淀-Fenton试剂氧化法处理后,废水COD由1950mg／L降至240mg／L,总的COD去除率为87．7％,废水处理效果良好。