Poverty and the Deterioration of Natural Soil Capital in the Peruvian Altiplano

The Peruvian altiplano is a marginal agricultural region with limited infrastructure, climate constraints, and high levels of poverty. Data were collected from 265 farms in four different agricultural regions, and data from three of those regions are analyzed here. Regressions were run with soil nutrient loss, soil depth loss, and yield loss over the past 20 years, as perceived by farmers. Location, topographical and management factors were considered. Additional regressions were run to examine the determinants of two agricultural management practices which were found to affect soil quality, namely fallowing and ploughing vertical furrows. Use of traditional fallowing (aynoca) was associated with helping to preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with more education, with higher non-farm income, and in villages which had benefitted from natural resource development projects. Vertical furrowing similarly was associated with helping preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with fewer unmet basic needs. These results have implications for the agricultural and development strategies to be followed in the region.     

再论白暨豚和江豚的保护

白暨豚（Ｌｉｐｏｔｅｓｖｅｘｉｌｉｆｅｒ）的种群数量已降到了很低的水平，濒临灭绝，长江的自然环境，由于人类活动的加剧而日趋恶化。长江环境已经不可能保存白暨豚，但可能在一个半自然保护区保存下来。中国政府正在考虑集中人力和财力优先建设一个最好的白暨豚半自然保护区，即石首天鹅洲白暨豚半自然保护区，因为目前白暨豚的种群现状已不可能支持１个以上的半自然保护区。１头成熟的雌性白暨豚已于１９９５年捕获并移入石首天鹅洲保护区。江豚（Ｎｅｏｐｈｏｃａｅｕａｐｈｏ－ｃａｅｎｏｉｄｅｓ）也面临着白暨豚所面临的全部威胁。近年来其种群数量亦在迅速减少。为了防止江豚发生像现在白暨豚保护所面临的困境，我们已经在石首保护区成功建立了江豚的饲养群体。     

The use and effectiveness of the site of special scientific interest designation in the east midlands region of the nature conservancy council

This paper looks at the use and effectiveness of the Site of Special Scientific Interest designation in three counties in the East Midlands region of the Nature Conservancy Council, namely Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. Using unpublished sources within the NCC an analysis is made of the SSSI system in practice since its inception in 1949. A number of findings relating to weaknesses in the designation and the operation of the designation system emerge. Each of these findings is discussed in turn with the presentation of the appropriate evidence from the county case studies.     

Modeling Opportunity Costs of Conservation in Transitional Landscapes

Abstract:  Conservation scientists recognize the urgency of incorporating opportunity costs into conservation planning. Despite this, applications to date have been limited, perhaps partly because of the difficulty in determining costs in regions with limited data on land prices and ownership. We present methods for estimating opportunity costs of land preservation in landscapes or ecoregions that are a changing mix of agriculture and natural habitat. Our approach derives from the literature on estimating land values as opportunity costs of alternate land uses and takes advantage of general availability of necessary data, even in relatively data-poor regions. The methods integrate probabilities of habitat conversion with region-wide estimates of economic benefits from agricultural land uses and estimate land values with a discount rate to convert annual values into net present values. We applied our method in a landscape undergoing agricultural conversion in Paraguay. Our model of opportunity costs predicted an independent data set of land values and was consistent with implicit discount rates of 15–25%. Model-generated land values were strongly correlated with actual land values even after correcting for the effect of property size and proportion of property that was forested. We used the model to produce a map of opportunity costs and to estimate the costs of conserving forest within two proposed corridors in the landscape. This method can be applied to conservation planning in situations where natural habitat is currently being converted to market-oriented land uses. Incorporating not only biological attributes but also socioeconomic data can help in the design of efficient networks of protected areas that represent biodiversity at minimum costs.     

合徐高速公路淮南连接线水土保持方案的探讨

通过对合徐高速公路淮南连接线水土流失原因和特点的分析 ,对沿线的水土流失进行了预测 ,提出了防治措施。并对具体的防治措施进行了探讨     

城市节水“碳足迹”的探讨

随着水资源问题日益突出和城镇化的飞速发展,城市节水成为促进水资源可持续开发利用的有效措施。日益严峻的气候问题导致了人们对＂碳足迹＂的关注和低碳技术的发展。通过对城市节水相关因素＂碳足迹＂来源的分析,提出城市节水低碳化及建议。     

论节能技术创新制度

节能根据节能途径不同可分为结构节能、管理节能和技术节能三种。其中技术节能潜力巨大。文章试图通过完善节能技术创新制度推动我国技术节能工作。     

汽车使用对生态环境污染的分析研究

随着社会经济和汽车工业的飞速发展,汽车使用造成的污染日趋加剧。汽车在给人类带来便捷与文明的同时也成为破坏生态环境的元凶和能源的最大消耗者。本文在研究了汽车污染的类型、生成机理、特点和对生态环境造成的危害后,指出了汽车工业未来的发展趋势,即生产新型节能环保汽车。在政府倡导建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的背景下,加强对节能环保汽车产品的研发和推广,以推动中国环保事业和汽车工业的发展。     

三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应

坡地果园水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以皇竹草篱为纽带间植于坡地果园营建复合生态模式,对草篱拦蓄泥沙、径流的效应进行了长期观测。结果表明：草篱间植的应用能有效减少坡地果园的水土流失,尤以侵蚀量减少更为显著,与传统果园经营模式相比,径流量减少了5871%~6574%,侵蚀量减少了7070%~7792%。同时,草篱间植的应用对减少养分的流失总量效果也相当显著,对减少库区面源污染,保持和提高坡地果园的土地生产力具有重要作用,为三峡库区坡地果园的利用与保护提供了技术与模式支撑。