水力负荷对生物沉淀池污染物净化性能的影响特性

本研究将生物转盘和平流式沉淀池设计理念相结合,开发出对水中致浊物质、有机组分、氨氮和总磷具有同步去除性能的一体式生物净化-沉淀池,考察了进水水力负荷对其污染物净化性能的影响规律.结果表明,在特定转盘转速和水质条件下,浊度、有机组分和氨氮的平均去除率随水力负荷的增大均呈先相对稳定后下降趋势,浊度和有机组分与氨氮平均去除率分别在0.036 g·(m~2·d)~(-1)与0.064 g·(m~2·d)~(-1)时达到最大.与浊度、有机组分和氨氮不同,水力负荷对总磷的去除效果影响较大,进水水力负荷在0.064 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)时,总磷平均去除率最差,适当减小或增大水力负荷,均有助于除磷过程的进行.进一步研究发现,硝化和除磷过程对水相中的有限碳源及溶解氧存在竞争关系.沿水流方向,盘片表面的微生物具有良好的种群配合和沿程分布特点,保证了在不利水力负荷条件下,工艺仍具有一定的去污效果,在微污染水体的强化净化处理中具有一定的应用前景.     

醋糟高效厌氧消化体系构建

运用高固态厌氧消化模式,通过提高反应体系均质程度和沼液回流等手段,逐步提升物料负荷,对未经预处理的醋糟进行厌氧消化处理,成功构建了醋糟高效厌氧消化体系.结果表明,在反应体系物料负荷达到6.15 g·(L·d)~(-1)时表现出最佳的厌氧消化性能,单位干物料产沼气量为396 m L·g~(-1),单位干物料产甲烷量为211 m L·g~(-1).该物料负荷下半纤维素降解率达到63.66%,是醋糟厌氧消化性能提高的主要原因.纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为21.46%、24.43%,较低的降解效率主要是由于木质素中的苯环结构难以降解,并阻碍纤维素酶的水解作用,对纤维素降解产生屏蔽效应.     

足尺钢桁架连梁恢复力模型试验研究

对4个足尺的钢桁架连梁模型进行了低周反复荷载试验,研究了结构的破坏形态、滞回性能。利用试验数据进行回归分析,建立了骨架曲线恢复力模型;对滞回曲线进行了分析,研究了连梁的刚度退化规律,建立了循环荷载作用下结构的恢复力模型。模型和试验曲线较为吻合,可用于结构的弹塑性分析。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

通信铁塔影响建筑物防雷安全计算公式之合理性探讨

以一个发生过严重雷灾事故的屋顶通信铁塔为例,分别利用国际电信联盟ITU-K56《无线通讯基站的雷电防护》和国际电报电话咨询委员会CCITT《防雷手册》中的公式计算出建筑物安装了通信铁塔后的年预计雷击次数,并将之与未安装通信铁塔时的年预计雷击次数进行对比,两者的计算结果存在显著差异。基于雷击条件相似原则,参照移动公司通信铁塔每年遭受雷击次数的实际统计数据,对这两个计算公式的合理性问题进行了探讨。研究结果表明,CCITT《防雷手册》中的计算公式更具合理性,计算结果更加接近实际值,计算方法更能准确地评估铁塔对所在区域的建筑物及电子电气设备的防雷安全所造成的影响。     

液体石化产品装车控制及安全

介绍了液体石化产品汽车装车过程安全控制,并结合实际制定了安全技术操作规程,以苯类产品为例,详细阐述了事故处理预案。     

输油臂紧急脱离装置非正常脱离事件分析及预防

描述了一起大型原油码头输油臂紧急脱离装置非正常脱离事件,分析得出该事件是由于接近开关进水、限位阀阀杆伸缩卡阻、维护管理不到位造成的,提出了非正常脱离的防范措施。     

硫化物废水的生物处理技术研究

生物脱硫工艺与传统工艺相比,具有明显的优越性。文章介绍了硫化物废水的各种处理技术、特点及原理,综述了国内外生物脱硫的研究现状,重点阐述了硫化物废水生物处理的几个重要的影响因素：溶解氧、pH值、硫化物负荷、反应器及填料的类型,指出利用基因工程技术构建的新型工程茵株将具有更好的脱硫效果。     

污染物负荷与组成对潜流人工湿地脱氮效果影响研究

为研究污染物负荷与组成对人工湿地系统脱氮效果的影响,在构建小试湿地试验装置的基础上,使用模拟污水进行了TN去除试验．试验的影响因素包括：水力学停留时间,单一污染物负荷量,P（C）：P（N）,TN组成,有机质（以COD计）-氨氮-硝氮比例等。其中,3种污染物最佳比例试验采用正交试验法进行。停留时间试验、单一负荷试验、p（C）：p（N）试验、TN组成试验得到各自的变化趋势,并能够用人工湿地基本理论解释。正交试验确定的3种污染物的最佳比例质量浓度为：有机质：氨氮：硝氮=20：3：3。结论认为．湿地脱除污染物的不同机理是影响TN去除效果根本原因。氨氮的去除主要是依靠好氧微生物的作用．硝氮的去除则主要依靠反硝化菌的作用．并需要充足的碳源。TN组成问题应综合考虑氨氮和硝氮的负荷总量和水力学停留时间,3种污染物对TN去除影响的主次顺序为：氨氮〉硝氮〉有机质．最优方案的理论TN去除率达到92．26％。此外．可能还存在着其它重要的影响人工湿地TN去除率的因素。     

关于伴生放射性污染源问题的讨论

本文根据国家规定公众照射年有效剂量和假设条件,建立了确定伴生放射性污染源的模型,将重庆市伴生放射性水平实地测量数据带入该模型计算,结果表明,共有8家企业确定为伴生放射性污染源,纳入伴生放射性污染源普查范围,符合重庆市实际情况。