环境治理工程对蠡湖水体中磷空间分布的影响

为评估水环境治理工程措施对蠡湖水体营养状态的影响,2012年4月对湖体与环湖河口调查分析,研究了蠡湖磷元素空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:蠡湖水体总磷浓度介于0.03~0.31mg/L之间,平均为0.06mg/L,呈由西向东逐渐递增的趋势,且环湖河口磷含量明显高于湖体;沉积物中总磷空间分布趋势类似于水体,湖体总磷含量在321.77~1062.08mg/kg之间,平均为593.75mg/kg,而环湖河口总磷含量在523.38~1396.39mg/kg之间,平均为784.51mg/kg;结合历年监测数据可以看出,一系列水环境治理工程使得蠡湖水质有了大幅度的改善,水体中总磷的年均值由治理前0.18mg/L下降到0.06mg/L,但仍没有完全从根本上解决水体的富营养化问题.主要原因是沉积物中总磷对水体影响较大,相关性分析表明磷的扩散通量与沉积物总磷和可交换态磷成显著正相关.     

九龙江流域规模化养猪场砷污染状况调查

对九龙江流域规模化养猪场猪饲料、沼气出液和猪粪中砷的含量进行了测定。猪饲料中砷的含量范围为0.50～7.72mg·kg-1,平均值为3.49mg·kg-1;沼气出液中砷的含量范围为0.47～56.13μg·L-1,平均值为13.45μg·L-1;猪粪中砷的含量范围为0.32～114.46mg·kg-1,平均值为13.45mg·kg-1。同一养猪场,小猪猪粪中的砷含量一般高于大猪和母猪猪粪;沼气出液和猪粪中的砷含量具有一定的相关性。由估算知,养猪场向九龙江流域年排放的砷总量约为821kg。9家养猪场中有2家猪粪和1家沼气出液中砷的含量相对较高,生态风险等级较高,已超过国家相应标准。总之,应该加强养猪业的管理,以防止养猪场对九龙江流域造成砷污染。     

Continuous nitrifying granular sludge bioreactor: Influence of aeration and ammonium loading rate

Granulation of nitrifying bacteria was investigated in a continuous bubble column bioreactor. Then, the combined effect of aeration and ammonium loading rates on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration as well as nitrification process was evaluated in the system using an experimental design technique. After 120 days, stable nitrifying granules with average diameter of 1.4 mm and settling velocities of 55 m/h were obtained. The influence of increasing ammonium loading rate (ALR) was found to be more significant than decreasing aeration rate on the reduction of DO concentration inside the nitrifying bioreactor. The system could handle the ALR values of 0.48–1.92 gNH₄⁺-N/L d with the ammonium removal efficiency from 65% to nearly 100% at the tested airflow rates of 2.5 and 4.5 L/min. At the low aeration, the complete ammonium conversion to nitrate was replaced with nitrite when the ALR increased to 1.44 gNH₄⁺-N/L d. At the high aeration, however, almost complete nitrification was achieved except the high ALR in which the nitrite accumulation was observed up to 38%. The study demonstrated that the continuous bioreactor had a considerable performance for obtaining stable nitrifying granules to have nitrite accumulation under control with changing the ratio of aeration rate and ALR.     

“十二五”太湖富营养化控制与治理研究思路及重点

在总结“十一五”太湖富营养化治理成效、存在问题的基础上,提出“十二五”期间水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项太湖富营养化控制与治理项目的总体设计思路. 项目以综合示范区水质改善为目标,重点研发园区化乡镇企业工业废水中难降解含氮、磷有机物的深度削减技术,农田种植业和农村分散式生活污水的控源减排技术,“湖荡湿地-入湖河流-湖滨缓冲带”为一体的生态拦截与修复技术;以湖泊水生态安全保障为目标,研发湖泛与水华灾害应急处置技术及建立水资源优化调度决策平台. 选择太湖流域重污染型竺山湾小流域、面源污染主控型苕溪小流域和城市化型太湖新城三大典型综合示范区,通过控源减排和生态修复关键技术的研发、集成和综合实施,实现综合示范区污染负荷得到有效控制、示范区水环境质量得到改善和规模化蓝藻水华发生得到有效控制的目标.      

Metallic wastewater treatment by sulfate reduction using anaerobic rotating biological contactor reactor under high metal loading conditions

An-RBC reactor is highly suited to treat metallic wastewater. Metal removal is due to sulfide precipitation via sulfate reduction by SRB. Cu(II) removal was the best among the different heavy metals. Maximum metal removal is achieved at low metal loading condition. Metal removal matched well with the solubility product values of respective metal sulfide salts. This study was aimed at investigating the performance of anaerobic rotating biological contactor reactor treating synthetic wastewater containing a mixture of heavy metals under sulfate reducing condition. Statistically valid factorial design of experiments was carried out to understand the dynamics of metal removal using this bioreactor system. Copper removal was maximum (>98%), followed by other heavy metals at their respective low inlet concentrations. Metal loading rates less than 3.7 mg/L?h in case of Cu(II); less than 1.69 mg/L?h for Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and Cd(II) are favorable to the performance of the An-RBC reactor. Removal efficiency of the heavy metals from mixture depended on the metal species and their inlet loading concentrations. Analysis of metal precipitates formed in the sulfidogenic bioreactor by field emission scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) confirmed metal sulfide precipitation by SRB. All these results clearly revealed that the attached growth biofilm bioreactor is well suited for heavy metal removal from complex mixture.     

Microbial community dynamics at high organic loading rates revealed by pyrosequencing during sugar refinery wastewater treatment in a UASB reactor

High strength sugar refinery wastewater was treated in a mesophilic UASB. Pyrosequencing reveals microbial community succession with OLR increase. Diversity of microbial communities in OLR12 is much higher than those in OLR36 and OLR54.0 kgCOD/(kg VSS·d). Fermentative bacteria could deal with increasing OLR through the increase of microbial diversity and quantity. Hydrogen-producing acotogens and methanogens mainly coped with high OLR shocks by increasing the quantity of community The performance and microbial community structure in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating sugar refinery wastewater were investigated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached above 92.0% at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 12.0–54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in effluent were increased to 451.1 mg/L from 147.9 mg/L and the specific methane production rate improved by 1.2–2.2-fold as the OLR increased. The evolution of microbial communities in anaerobic sludge at three different OLRs was investigated using pyrosequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 3% distance were 353, 337 and 233 for OLR12, OLR36 and OLR54, respectively. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD /(m³·d) from 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d) by stepwise, the microbial community structure were changed significantly. Five genera (Bacteroides, Trichococcus, Chryseobacterium, Longilinea and Aerococcus) were the dominant fermentative bacteria at the OLR 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). However, the sample of OLR36 was dominated by Lactococcus, Trichococcus, Anaeroarcus and Veillonella. At the last stage (OLR= 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d)), the diversity and percentage of fermentative bacteria were markedly increased. Apart from fermentative bacteria, an obvious shift was observed in hydrogen-producing acetogens and non-acetotrophic methanogens as OLR increased. Syntrophobacter, Geobacter and Methanomethylovorans were the dominant hydrogen-producing acetogens and methylotrophic methanogens in the samples of OLR12 and OLR36. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d), the main hydrogen-producing acetogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were substituted with Desulfovibrio and Methanospirillum. However, the composition of acetotrophic methanogens (Methanosaeta) was relatively stable during the whole operation period of the UASB reactor.     

BAF处理焦化尾水和钢厂杂排水的研究

结合4万m3/d污水处理及回用工程的调试实践,对采用曝气生物滤池技术处理焦化尾水和钢厂杂排水的处理效果进行研究。结果表明:曝气生物滤池有一定的抗有机负荷冲击能力;对SS的去除效果好;进水有机负荷的大小是影响氨氮去除效果的一个重要因素;B/C是曝气生物滤池降解有机物效果好坏的重要因素。根据调试中实际操作情况确定:水反冲洗强度为5.83 L/(m2.s);气反冲洗强度为16 L/(m2.s);反冲洗周期为5 d,各反冲阶段时间分配:气洗时间为5 min,气水联合洗时间为3 min,水漂洗时间为5 min,反洗后,大约6 h出水恢复到反洗前的处理效果。     

动载下石灰岩能耗指标影响因素研究*

为研究石灰岩在动载破坏过程中的能量耗散,基于Φ50 mm的霍普金森压杆系统,对石灰岩开展三轴动静加载冲击试验,深入分析入射能、反射能、透射能、耗散能、能耗率与轴压、围压、应变率（冲击气压）之间的关系,并借助灰色关联理论分析石灰岩围压、应变率、纵波波速与能耗特征的关联。研究结果表明:入射能和耗散能均与应变率呈正向增长趋势,且耗散能应变率相关性更强;能耗率与围压呈反向增长趋势,低围压条件有利于石灰岩的破碎;能耗程度与冲击气压、围压、纵波波速的关联度分别为0.729 9,0.705 4,0.581 5,围压和冲击气压的灰色关联度大于0.6,因此围压和冲击气压对石灰岩能量耗散特征有显著影响。研究结果对于喀斯特地貌石灰岩爆破施工具有重要的参考价值。     

10a生连香树人工群落生物量研究

对１０年（ａ）生连香树人工群落生物量的分布与模型及凋落物进行了研究,主要结果为：①建立了连香树各器官与地（胸）径或树高的回归模型６８个．②群落总生物量（Ｗｔ／ｔｈｍ－２）为１２６．３２６,其中,地上和地下部分生物量（Ｗ／ｔｈｍ－２）分别为７６．０６８和４７．８１０,凋落物Ｗ为２．４４８．③群落、根系和吸收根的生产力（Ｐ／ｔｈｍ－２ａ－１）分别是１２．３８８～１５．２４８、４．７８１和０．６１１．④群落光能和有效光能利用率分别为０．７５％和１．８８％．⑤９７．４８％的根集中于０～２０ｃｍ土层,６９．９３％的根分布于距干基４０ｃｍ的水平范围;９２．０７％的叶分布于３～６ｍ的垂直范围,８３．８０％的叶分布于距干基１ｍ的水平范围;８４．０５％的干枝分布于距干基０．５ｍ的水平范围．⑥１０～１２月凋落量占全年的８１．２６％．⑦凋落物对元素生物循环的影响大小顺序为Ｐ＞Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｆｅ＞Ａｌ＞Ｍｎ．⑧提出了生物循环功能系数、凋落物分解率和保存率的算法及含义     

柳州市2009-2014年空气污染变化

近年来,城市空气污染日益严重,已成为公众广泛关注的环境问题之一。柳州是中国西部的工业重镇、广西有名的工业城市,位列国家划定的113个大气污染防治重点城市之中,是广西第一个开展PM2.5监测的城市。本研究于2009—2014年连续6年对柳州市大气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度进行在线观测,获得了污染物的长期时间和空间分布特征。结果显示,SO2浓度呈逐年下降趋势,并于2011年达标之后显著下降,2014年相比2009年下降了50.0%;NO2浓度一直在低于标准以下波动(24.6~35.1μg/m3);PM10浓度呈逐年增长趋势,并从2011年开始超标,2014年相对于2009年增长了69.3%。各污染物浓度都具有显著的季节变化:冬季秋季春季夏季。SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度冬季相比夏季分别提高82.9%、56.3%、66.9%和133.6%。冬季SO2和秋冬季PM10超标,PM2.5除7月外全线超标。PM2.5/PM10的比值冬季也高于夏季,表明冬季更易富集细颗粒。各污染物浓度也表现出不同的空间分布。九中各污染物的浓度都最高,可能与其离柳州钢铁公司距离较近有关。SO2除九中外,其他站点均达标。NO2全部达标。PM10市监测站和九中超标。PM2.5所有站点超标严重。本研究结果表明,柳州市煤烟型污染得到有效控制,但颗粒物污染,尤其是细颗粒物污染日益严重。