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381.
On the Role of Spatial,Temporal, and Climatic Forces on Stream Sediment Loading from Rural and Urban Ecosystems
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Audrey L. Squires Jan Boll Erin S. Brooks 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(5):1195-1211
In this study, we characterize the greatest sediment loading events by their sediment delivery behavior; dominant climate, watershed, and antecedent conditions; and their seasonal distribution for rural and urban land uses. The study area is Paradise Creek Watershed, a mixed land use watershed in northern Idaho dominated by saturation excess processes in the upstream rural area and infiltration excess in the downstream urban area. We analyzed 12 years of continuous streamflow, precipitation, and watershed data at two monitoring stations. We identified 137 sediment loading events in the upstream rural section of the watershed and 191 events in the downstream urban section. During the majority of these events conditions were transport limited and the sediment flush occurred early in the event, generally in the first 20% of elapsed event time. Statistical analysis including two dozen explanatory variables showed peak discharge, event duration, and antecedent baseflow explained most of the variation in event sediment load at both stations and for the watershed as a whole (R2 = 0.73‐0.78). In the rural area, saturated soils combined with spring snowmelt in March led to the greatest loading events. The urban area load contribution peaked in January, which could be a re‐suspension of streambed sediments from the previous water year. Throughout the study period, one event contributed, on average, 33% of the annual sediment load but only accounted for 2% of the time in a year. 相似文献
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385.
中国海域赤潮发生趋势的年际变化 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
回顾了中国海域的赤潮发生频次等数据的年际变化,尤其是进入21世纪的赤潮发生趋势,以期为赤潮灾害分析和防治提供帮助。数据表明,赤潮问题已不容忽视。总体上,赤潮发生的频次和累计面积呈现增长趋势,尤其是21世纪前10年的赤潮发生频次和规模是20世纪后50年的2倍多。与20世纪不同,东海的赤潮问题最严重,远远超过了南海;而渤海的赤潮规模也明显增加,此2海区成为赤潮的重灾区。赤潮多发生在5、6月份,但有延长的态势,对赤潮监测和预防提出了新的要求。赤潮生物,特别是有毒藻类不断增加,对渔业和人类健康造成威胁。同时也看到,赤潮的发生并非持续上涨,赤潮是可以防治的。 相似文献
386.
负荷调节对有机废气治理工程具有重要作用.为研究对有机废气质量浓度的均衡缓冲作用,利用活性炭可逆吸附-脱附能力,采用固定床吸附实验,测定了不同进气质量浓度下甲苯废气经活性炭柱吸附后出气质量浓度随时间变化的曲线,并用色谱理论的流出曲线方程解释吸附缓冲现象、关联实验结果,对活性炭柱的缓冲效果进行预测.结果表明:活性炭对有机废气质量浓度的动态变化有着较好的缓冲调节作用,随着进气质量浓度的降低,缓冲效果越明显.最后,对负荷缓冲的机理及其影响因素进行分析,并对其应用前景进行了探讨. 相似文献
387.
采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器研究了基质浓度冲击对同步厌氧生物脱氮除硫反应器性能的影响.根据反应器性能对基质浓度冲击的响应特征,可将基质浓度冲击过程分为冲击期、惯性期和恢复期3个阶段.基质浓度的冲击效应与冲击强度有关.冲击强度较低(1.5倍以下的基质浓度冲击)时,反应器性能所受的影响较小;冲击强度较高(2.0倍以上的基质浓度冲击)时,反应器性能所受的影响较大,出水pH值及基质浓度显著升高.在所试验的冲击强度范围内,反应器性能受扰后均可恢复稳态,恢复时间均小于30h(7.5HRT).出水硫化物浓度对基质浓度冲击的响应较为灵敏,其受扰时的浓度值可高达10.13mg /L,为受冲击前稳定运行时的18倍,可用作反应器性能变化的指示参数. 相似文献
388.
Structural changes in lake functioning induced from nutrient loading and climate variability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Climate variability is increasingly recognized as an important regulatory factor, capable of influencing the structural properties of aquatic ecosystems. Lakes appear to be particularly sensitive to the ecological impacts of climate variability, and several long time series have shown a close coupling between climate, lake thermal properties and individual organism physiology, population abundance, community structure, and food web dynamics. Thus, understanding the complex interplay among meteorological forcing, hydrological variability, and ecosystem functioning is essential for improving the credibility of model-based water resources/fisheries management. Our objective herein is to examine the relative importance of the ecological mechanisms underlying plankton seasonal variability in Lake Washington, Washington State (USA), over a 35-year period (1964–1998). Our analysis is founded upon an intermediate complexity plankton model that is used to reproduce the limiting nutrient (phosphate)–phytoplankton–zooplankton–detritus (particulate phosphorus) dynamics in the lake. Model parameterization is based on a Bayesian calibration scheme that offers insights into the degree of information the data contain about model inputs and allows obtaining predictions along with uncertainty bounds for modeled output variables. The model accurately reproduces the key seasonal planktonic patterns in Lake Washington and provides realistic estimates of predictive uncertainty for water quality variables of environmental management interest. A principal component analysis of the annual estimates of the underlying ecological processes highlighted the significant role of the phosphorus recycling stemming from the zooplankton excretion on the planktonic food web variability. We also identified a moderately significant signature of the local climatic conditions (air temperature) on phytoplankton growth (r = 0.41), herbivorous grazing (r = 0.38), and detritus mineralization (r = 0.39). Our study seeks linkages with the conceptual food web model proposed by Hampton et al. [Hampton, S.E., Scheuerell, M.D., Schindler, D.E., 2006b. Coalescence in the Lake Washington story: interaction strengths in a planktonic food web. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 2042–2051.] to emphasize the “bottom-up” control of the Lake Washington plankton phenology. The posterior predictive distributions of the plankton model are also used to assess the exceedance frequency and confidence of compliance with total phosphorus (15 μg L−1) and chlorophyll a (4 μg L−1) threshold levels during the summer-stratified period in Lake Washington. Finally, we conclude by underscoring the importance of explicitly acknowledging the uncertainty in ecological forecasts to the management of freshwater ecosystems under a changing global environment. 相似文献
389.
Developing low-carbon economy and enhancing carbon productivity are basic approaches to coordinating economic development and protecting global environment, which are also the major ways to address climate change under the framework of sustainable development. In this paper, the authors analyze the annual rate of carbon productivity growth, the differences of carbon productivity of different countries, and the factors for enhancing carbon productivity. Consequently, the authors clarify their viewpoint that the annual rate of carbon productivity growth can be used to weigh the efforts that a country takes to address climate change, and propose policies and suggestions on promoting carbon production. 相似文献
390.
This paper focused on the factors affecting the respiration rate of the digestate taken from a continuous anaerobic two-stage process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process involved a hydrolytic reactor (HR) that produced a leachate fed to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR). It was found that a volatile solids (VS) removal in the range 40-75% and an operating temperature in the HR between 21 and 35 °C resulted in digestates with similar respiration rates, with all digestates requiring 17 days of aeration before satisfying the British Standard Institution stability threshold of 16 mg CO2 g VS−1 day−1. Sanitization of the digestate at 65 °C for 7 days allowed a mature digestate to be obtained. At 4 g VS L−1 d−1 and Solid Retention Times (SRT) greater than 70 days, all the digestates emitted CO2 at a rate lower than 25 mg CO2 g VS−1 d−1 after 3 days of aeration, while at SRT lower than 20 days all the digestates displayed a respiration rate greater than 25 mg CO2 g VS−1 d−1. The compliance criteria for Class I digestate set by the European Commission (EC) and British Standard Institution (BSI) could not be met because of nickel and chromium contamination, which was probably due to attrition of the stainless steel stirrer in the HR. 相似文献