污泥龄及pH值对反硝化除磷工艺效能的影响

以SBR成功富集后的反硝化聚磷菌（DPBs）为研究对象,分别考察了污泥龄（SRT,35、25、15 d）及pH值（7.5、8.0、8.5）对反硝化除磷过程的影响.结果表明,SRT从35d缩短至25d,使活性污泥浓度（MLVSS）从2821 mg·L^-1降低为2301 mg·L^-1,而污泥负荷（F/M,以COD/MLVSS计）从0.256kg·（kg·d）^-1增加至0.312 kg·（kg·d）^-1,虽然净释磷量及净吸磷量有所下降,但是由于污泥活性的增加,此阶段厌氧释磷、缺氧吸磷及比反硝化速率均达到最高,分别为25.07、15.92及9.45 mg·（g·h）^-1,污泥含磷率从4.78%升为5.33%,出水PO₄^3--P浓度保持在0.5 mg·L^-1以下,即PO₄^3--P去除率稳定在95%以上;当SRT进一步缩短为15d时,MLVSS低至1448 mg·L^-1,污泥中DPBs占聚磷菌（PAOs）的比例从82.4%骤降为65.7%,表明过短的SRT使得DPBs逐渐从系统中流失,此阶段污泥含磷率降至3.43%,释磷、吸磷及比反硝化速率亦出现不同程度的降低.随着pH值的升高（7.5~8.0）,厌氧释磷及缺氧吸磷速率也升高,pH值为8.0时分别达到25.86mg·（g·h）^-1和16.62 mg·（g·h）^-1;当pH超过8.0后,除磷效率快速下降,推测为磷化学沉淀导致.     

上海城市降水径流营养盐氮负荷及空间分布

在野外采样和室内化学分析的基础上，研究了上海市区，郊区各不同功能区内降水径流中营养元素氮的含量水平及其空间分布差异，研究结果表明，城市降水径流中营养元素氮具有较高的含量水平，其中TIN，NH4－N，NO3－N的均值含量分别为7．45，3．14，2．98和1．33mg/L，与同期河流水体中氮含量相比，降水径流中营养元素氮对河流水中氮含量水平具有重要的贡献，反映城市降水径流是一种不容忽略的非点污染源，从城市降水径流中营养元素氮负荷的空间分布来看，在工业区，交通要道，氮含量普遍偏高，而在居民居住区和商业区，氮含量普遍较低，此外，市区和郊区相比，在市区内氮含量普遍比郊区高。     

荔枝叶片与土壤常量元素质量分数年周期变化研究

从１９９７年开始,对荔枝叶片和土壤常量有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值的年周期变化进行了研究。通过统计学分析,初步探明叶片各元素质量分数季节性变化的模式及其特点,以及土壤有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值年周期变化的趋势;分析了年周期变化中叶片与土壤分析值之间的相关性。     

厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82...     

天津市春季典型道路积尘负荷分布特征

道路积尘负荷表征路面清洁程度,是道路扬尘排放清单中一个十分重要的参数,也是各地环境管理的一个重要方面。根据AP-42道路扬尘排放因子模型,2015年春季用真空吸尘法采集了天津市11条道路的扬尘样品,得到了不同道路类型以及不同车道的积尘负荷,并分析了积尘负荷的变化规律。结果表明:天津市春季非机动车道和机动车道慢车道的积尘负荷分别为0.282 0~1.064 5 g/m~2和0.050 4~0.173 9 g/m~2;5种道路类型的非机动车道的积尘负荷中位值均大于机动车慢车道积尘负荷的中位值;对于不同道路类型积尘负荷而言,非机动车道从大到小顺序依次为次干道主干道环线支路快速路,机动车道慢车道从大到小顺序依次为次干道环线主干道支路快速路;东西走向和南北走向道路两侧积尘负荷差异均无统计学意义。     

A Whole Body Postural Loading Simulation and Assessment Model for Workplace Analysis and Design

Abstract

This study reports on the development and validation of a new computer model for simulating human postures at work, and assessing the reaction forces and bending moments in 43 human articulation joints. The proposed model estimates the intradiscal pressure in the vertebral column in response to external loading forces encountered during human interactions with work objects or processes. The model was implemented in a self-contained interactive software package. The simulation results compare favorably with the reported experimental data, and provide reasonable confidence in the quality of the model. Its characteristics and its applications in evaluating physical task performance are also discussed     

Performance of a stratified sand filter in removal of chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and ammonia nitrogen from high-strength wastewaters

A stratified sand filter column, operated in recirculation mode and treating synthetic effluent resembling high-strength dairy wastewaters was studied over a 342-d duration. The aim of this paper was to examine the organic, total suspended solids (TSS) and nutrient removal rates of the sand filter, operated in recirculation mode, under incrementally increasing hydraulic and organic loading rates and to propose a field filter-sizing criterion. Best performance was obtained at a system hydraulic loading rate of 10 L m(-2) d(-1); a higher system hydraulic loading rate (of 13.4 L m(-2) d(-1)) caused surface ponding. The system hydraulic loading rate of 10 L m(-2) d(-1) gave a filter chemical oxygen demand (COD), TSS, and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) loading rate of 14, 3.7, and 2.1 g m(-2) d(-1), respectively, and produced consistent COD and TSS removals of greater than 99%, and an effluent NO(3)-N concentration of 42 mg L(-1) (accounting for an 86% reduction in total nitrogen (Tot-N)). As the proportional surface area requirement for the sand filter described in this study is less than the recommended surface area requirement of a free-water surface (FWS) wetland treating an effluent of similar quality, it could provide an economic and sustainable alternative to conventional wetland treatment.     

Anaerobic digestion of autoclaved and untreated food waste

Anaerobic digestion of autoclaved (160 °C, 6.2 bar) and untreated source segregated food waste (FW) was compared over 473 days in semi-continuously fed mesophilic reactors with trace elements supplementation, at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 2, 3, 4 and 6 kg volatile solids (VS)/m³ d. Methane yields at all OLR were 5–10% higher for untreated FW (maximum 0.483 ± 0.013 m³ CH₄/kg VS at 3 kg VS/m³ d) than autoclaved FW (maximum 0.439 ± 0.020 m³ CH₄/kg VS at 4 kg VS/m³ d). The residual methane potential of both digestates at all OLRs was less than 0.110 m³ CH₄/kg VS, indicating efficient methanation in all cases. Use of acclimated inoculum allowed very rapid increases in OLR. Reactors fed on autoclaved FW showed lower ammonium and hydrogen sulphide concentrations, probably due to reduced protein hydrolysis as a result of formation of Maillard compounds. In the current study this reduced biodegradability appears to outweigh any benefit due to thermal hydrolysis of ligno-cellulosic components.     

不同水力负荷条件下的人工湿地污染处理效果分析

本文研究了水力负荷对抚仙湖北岸典型人工湿地净化河道污水处理效率的影响。研究表明,TN、TP及SS去除率随着水力负荷的增加而下降,COD去除率受水力负荷的影响程度相对较小。综合考虑水力负荷对氮磷、有机物及悬浮物等水质净化效果的影响,如果不考虑其它因素,仅从系统处理效果的角度选择水力负荷,人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m3/m2·d以下。     

新疆极端水文事件年内分布的非均匀性

利用1901-2010年的资料,采用传统统计方法以及新引入的衡量年内分布情况的集中度、集中指数,对比分析了新疆极端水文事件的年内分布特征。分析发现,传统统计方法和集中度、集中指数得出的年内分布具有很好的一致性,是一种可靠的分析方法,今后可以借鉴使用。结果表明:新疆极端水文事件年内分布极不均匀,夏半年和夏季的集中指数较大,而冬半年和冬季的集中指数较小,即大部分地区极端水文事件主要发生在夏半年,冬半年发生相对较少,但北疆的阿勒泰地区冬半年极端水文事件较多;吐鲁番的极端水文事件年内分布非常集中,乌鲁木齐、奎屯—石河子、阿克苏地区次之,阿勒泰地区集中度最小。