Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

储存试验站的温湿度特征分析研究

从温湿度的变化趋势、年较差、极端最高值、极端最低值等方面分析研究了储存试验站(长春、无锡、广州、西沙和拉萨)从1995-2005年的监测数据.结果表明,5地的温度变化趋势基本一致,而湿度变化趋势则不同.年较差最大的是长春,最小的是西沙.极端最高温度最高的是无锡;极端最低温度最低的是长春.广州的极端最高湿度最大;拉萨的极端最低湿度最小.5地的温湿度在变化趋势上有相似之处,但更多的是差异性.因而,在进行环境应力的信息开发应用时,应综合考虑温湿度多方面的特性.     

工程材料的环境影响定量评价研究

本文系统讨论了工程材料对可持续发展社会的影响和作用。归纳和提出了材料三角形,即材料的功能性、环境性和经济性的相互关系。以可持续发展思想为核心,阐述了环境材料与教育的关系。另一方面,明确定义了等效环境指数（Ｉｉ）、环境因子（ＥＦｋ）、环境负荷（ＥＬＶ）三个术语,从而给出具体材料的环境影响定量评价值。最后计算了某些工程材料的环境负荷值。     

大亚湾养殖海域营养盐的周年变化及其来源分析

根据2002年6月～2003年6月对广东大亚湾大鹏澳海区进行的每月1次大面调查的资料,对该海域的无机氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐的周年变化及其来源进行分析.结果表明,无机氮含量范围是0.0103～0.5646 mg/L,各区域最大值都出现在9月份.PO4-P含量的范围是0～0.0129 mg/L,核电站排水区的含量最大值出现在4月,其他三个区域的含量最大值出现在9月份. SiO2-Si的含量范围是0.0204～1.4706 mg/L, 河口区的含量从6～11月都高于其他三个区域, 养殖区及核电站排水区的含量全年变化幅度很小.调查海域无机氮来源于养殖区本身和地表径流,磷酸盐来源于养殖区本身,而硅酸盐则来源于地表径流.P是大鹏澳海域浮游植物繁殖生长的主要限制因子,N次之,Si是本海域最为丰富的营养盐.     

环境中氡辐射水平及控制措施分析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,居民生活不断提高,对居室进行美化装修既成一种时尚。然而由安装（选用劣质材料）而引发的居室辐射水平超标,特别是氡辐射超标问题,已越来越受到人们的关注。为使人们对辐射环境有一基本认识和了解,作者根据多年从事辐射环境监测的经验,对环境空气中氡的性质、来源、辐射水平、危害及室内氡浓度控制措施作一简单分析介绍。     

古建筑木构架抗震性能试验

为保护古建筑,采用低周反复加载试验方法,以故宫太和殿某开间梁柱尺寸为原型,制作了3组1:8的缩尺比例的4梁4柱模型,考虑榫卯节点形式为燕尾榫,进行了低周反复加载试验,研究了古建筑木构架的抗震性能,获得了构架的P-Δ曲线,分析了构架的骨架曲线、耗能能力、刚度退化及变形能力,归纳了构架恢复力拟合曲线计算公式。结果表明:古建筑木构架的P-Δ滞回曲线为Z形,具有明显的捏拢特性;随着构架侧移增大,其侧移刚度降低,耗能能力趋于稳定;另一方面,构架具有良好的变形能力。     

荣成人工湿地净化效果的季节和年际变化

荣成人工湿地污水处理系统占地面积80 hm2,处理规模2.0万m3.d-1,1998年10月开始投入运行。对1999年1月到2004年12月荣成人工湿地污水处理系统净化效果以及净化效果的季节和年际变化进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、BOD5、CODC r均有很好的去除效果,出水浓度分别为(27.6±6.6)、(22.7±4.3)和(90.0±12.5)mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、72.5%和63.8%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水浓度分别为(11.2±2.7)和(2.03±0.29)mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、CODC r、NH4 -N和TP的去除效果与季节变化有一定关系,NH4 -N受季节变化的影响最大,其次是TP,BOD5和CODC r受季节变化的影响相对较小。分析BOD5、CODC r、NH4 -N和TP去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5、CODC r和NH4 -N去除率有增加的趋势。TP去除率在2001年和2002年基本相同,从2003年开始下降。     

胞外聚合物EPS对活性污泥沉降性能的影响研究

对污泥负荷Ns、溶解氧(DO)对活性污泥中胞外聚合物EPS的组分、含量及污泥沉降性能的影响进行了研究;并对EPS对污泥沉降性能影响的作用机理进行了探讨.试验结果表明:负荷对EPS影响高度显著,而DO对EPS影响较小;EPS与污泥沉降性能SVI相关性高;随着负荷降低,EPS含量增加,SVI增加.同时正交试验结果表明:污泥中EPS的含量高低主要由负荷决定,并得出Ns、DO对EPS及SVI的影响模式.此外,根据有关试验结果分析了在低负荷时易发生污泥膨胀的原因.     

曝气池容积计算方法分析

文中对曝气池容积的计算方法———BOD5污泥负荷率法与污泥龄法进行了分析。这两种方法实质上是属于同一个公式 ,只是考虑的角度不同而引入的两个不同概念。如能将考虑的角度有机地结合 ,将使曝气池容积的设计计算更趋合理。