氮负荷升高对螺-附着藻-苦草生态关系的影响

本文设计了双因子(氮负荷升高、有无螺类)受控实验,研究了氮负荷升高(太湖正常氮负荷的3倍)对螺-附着藻-苦草关系的影响.结果表明,氮负荷升高处理明显提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、叶绿素a等指标的含量,显著增加了附着生物干重,进而抑制了苦草生长;与正常氮负荷处理组相比,3倍氮负荷处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高和叶片数分别降低了33%、25%和13%.环棱螺降低了附着生物干重和水体叶绿素a含量,明显促进了苦草生长.氮负荷升高和环棱螺存在对水体各项理化指标、附着生物干重和苦草的各项生长指标均无交互作用.此外,氮负荷升高还降低了环棱螺的生长速率.分析认为,氮负荷升高对沉水植物生长的抑制机理主要体现在浮游藻类与附着生物生物量增加的抑制效应;环棱螺的存在虽然在一定程度上减弱了这种效应,但由于氮负荷升高还同时使环棱螺生长率降低,削弱了其对附着生物的牧食压力,从而使得附着生物对苦草生长的抑制作用加强.因此,氮负荷升高使螺-附着藻-沉水植物之间的生态关系失衡,也可能是氮浓度较高的富营养湖泊中沉水植被稀少的重要原因.     

近52a长江中下游地区极端降水的时空变化特征

长江中下游地区是我国主要农业区,同时也是降水异常,洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区之一,对长江中下游地区极端降水变化的研究,可以为该区农业生产及防洪减灾提供参考依据。利用1961~2012年间的长江中下游地区84个站点的逐日降水观测资料,基于年最大日降水(AM)序列与超门限峰值降水(POT)序列,通过滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验法、线性倾向估计等方法,分析了该地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区近52a来极端降水量呈现为较明显的增加趋势,且极端降水量速率为9.3mm/10a,存在较为明显的年代际波动变化特征,1990年以后进入极端降水量偏多的时期;(2)AM与POT序列多年平均值大值主要分布在江西省大部、湖北东南部以及安徽南部;AM与POT序列多年标准差大值主要分布江西东南部与北部,湖北东南部以及湖南西北部;AM序列多年平均值与标准差均高于POT序列,AM序列年际间振幅要明显强于POT序列,极端降水年际变化幅度大于年内变化;(3)长江中下游沿岸地区年最大日降水量主要表现为增加趋势,长江以北的西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势;长江沿岸地区以及中东部地区的极端降水量主要表现为增加趋势,西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势。     

Population structure and dynamics of Monotarsobius curtipes (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) at the northern periphery of the species range

Studies on the population structure and dynamics of the stone centipede Monotarsobius curtipes C. Koch in soils of the northern Kola Peninsula have shown that, with respect to abundance and biomass, this species is a dominant of the soil macrofauna and, in particular, of the trophic group of zoophages. Life in high northern latitudes does not disturb the sex and age structure of populations but limits the reproductive activity of these centipedes. Specific biological features of M. curtipes at the northern periphery of its range include the absence of repeated breeding, completion of several developmental (age) stages within a short growing season, and long ontogeny involving several winterings.     

Performance evaluation of a completely stirred anaerobic reactor treating pig manure at a low range of mesophilic conditions

Many Chinese biogas plants run in the lower range of mesophilic conditions. This study evaluated the performance of a completely stirred anaerobic reactor treating pig manure at different temperatures (20, 28 and 38 °C). The start-up phase of the reactor at 20 °C was very long and extremely poor performance was observed with increasing organic loading rate (OLR). At an OLR of 4.3 g ODM L^?1 d^?1, methane production at 28 °C was comparable (3% less) with that at 38 °C, but the risk of acidification was high at 28 °C. At low OLR (1.3 g ODM L^?1 d^?1), the biogas process appeared stable at 28 °C and gave same methane yields as compared to the reactor operating at 38 °C. The estimated sludge yield at 28 °C was 0.065 g VSS g^?1 COD_removed, which was higher than that at 38 °C (0.016 g VSS g^?1 COD_removed).     

New frontiers for sustainability: emergy evaluation of an eco-village

The emergy analysis was used to evaluate the sustainability of a village which aims to be ecologically friendly. The choice of focusing on the use of local resources including agriculture and farm goods, photovoltaic panels, renewable heating and cooling systems, recycled water from constructed wetlands etc., aims to obtain a sustainable village. Indices and ratios based on emergy flows have been calculated and used to evaluate the behaviour of the whole system. Their dependence upon the fraction of renewable and non renewable inputs as well as locally available versus purchased inputs from outside is stressed. A new index of sustainability (SI) is also applied to the case study. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Specific features of annual cycles in long-distance migrant birds living at the range boundary: the example of the wood warbler, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phylloscopus sibilatrix</Emphasis>, in the taiga zone of northwestern Russia

Annual cycle phenomena taking place in the nesting part of the range, such as dates of migration and breeding and molting pattern, have been studied in the wood warbler in northwestern Russia, at the boundary of its nesting range. The results provide evidence that the annual cycle of long-distance migrant birds living at the boundary of their nesting range has certain specific features.     

降低负荷以提高反硝化颗粒污泥的稳定性

在上流式污泥床反应器（USB）内,接种好氧活性污泥,以甲醇为碳源,NO-3为电子受体,经过40多d培养,得到良好的反硝化颗粒污泥,粒径2～3 mm,MLSS为36 g/L,氮去除速率和COD去除速率分别在0.15 g NO₃-N/(g VSS·d)和0.8 g COD/(g VSS·d)。当负荷提高至6.44 g NO₃-N/(L·d)继续运行1周后,观察到反应器内颗粒污泥出现上浮,浓度降低,颗粒粒径多数在3～5 mm,外观呈乳白色。为恢复反应器稳定运行,当负荷降至3.86 g NO₃-N/(L·d)时,上浮现象减轻,当负荷降至2.57 g NO₃-N/(L·d)时,上浮现象消失,颗粒污泥密度由不稳定时的1.0018 g/cm³提高到1.0126 g/cm³,颗粒粘连现象基本消失,污泥氮去除速率在0.19 g NO₃-N/(g VSS·d),连续运行30 d,系统保持稳定。分析认为,颗粒污泥表面微生物生长速度过快是导致不稳定的主要因素,较长的泥龄有利于系统稳定。     

Real-life efficiency of urine source separation

Urine source separation (NoMix technology) is a promising innovation in wastewater management. To improve and further develop NoMix technology, it has been implemented in four Swiss households and at our research institute (Eawag). We conducted measurements during one year on frequency of toilet usage (in households 5.2/person/day for weekdays, and 6.3/person/day for weekends), flushing behavior (30–85% small flushes), and recovered urine. We calculate the amount of urine effectively recovered per voiding in NoMix toilets (138 ml/flush in households; 309 ml/flush in women's toilets at Eawag), and waterfree urinals (225 ml/usage). We estimate urine recovery in the households to be maximally 70–75% of the expected quantity, leaving room for technical and behavioral improvements. Based on sampling of N and P concentrations, we suspect nitrogen losses in the extended urine piping system. For households and workplaces, the daily and weekly flushing pattern is recorded. Our results are in accordance with literature data from a shorter period but with more people. These results represent a good dimensioning basis for future urine source separation applications. An example of extrapolation to an entire watershed is presented. The flushing pattern corresponds well with the typical nitrogen loading of a treatment plant.     

UASB处理生物废水的中试研究

介绍了UASB处理生物废水的效果,探讨了废水容积负荷、温度的影响,以及pH值、产气量的变化。     

铈锆固溶体负载LaCoO3催化碳烟的性能和表征

用柠檬酸法制备了铈锆固溶体负载不同量LaCoO3的催化剂。用热重法测试了催化剂样品对碳烟的催化活性。采用程序升温还原法（H2-TPR）、BET、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和X-射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对催化剂进行了测试。结果表明,铈锆固溶体表面形成了稳定的LaCoO3钙钛矿相结构;负载量为30%LaCoO3的催化剂具有最高的催化活性,起燃温度降到530℃;催化剂的催化活性与催化剂还原峰强度以及催化剂表面氧物种OII的含量紧密相关。