分置式膜-生物反应器处理生活污水的抗冲击负荷能力

分置式膜 -生物反应器处理生活污水的运行结果表明 ,在 3倍于正常水平的冲击负荷下 ,分置式膜 -生物反应器能够正常运行 ,膜过滤出水 COD维持在 1 0 mg/ L以下 ,生物反应器污泥上清液 COD和透膜压力 TMP比正常水平略微上升 ,但在冲击负荷消除后能够恢复正常水平 ,呈现出较强的抗冲击负荷能力 .分置式膜 -生物反应器与普通活性污泥法相比 ,在冲击负荷下 ,其有机物去除速率、污泥浓度都呈现较快增长 ,而污泥混合液 COD浓度上升幅度较小 ,并且在冲击负荷消除后迅速恢复稳态运行 .分析表明分置式膜 -生物反应器的强抗冲击负荷能力来自于膜对污泥的完全截流作用 .膜 -生物反应器的强抗冲击负荷能力意味着该技术出水水质的安全稳定性和操作简便性 .     

ESTABLISHING POLLUTANT LOAD REDUCTION TARGETS FOR THE INIIAN RWER LAGOON,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT. Establishment of seagrass‐based pollutant load reduction targets is a major aim of water quality management in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) estuary. It is believed that light and water clarity are the limiting factors affecting seagrass abundance and distribution in the Lagoon. Thus, targeted reductions of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and for suspended sediments should achieve desired seagrass coverage goals. On an annual average, the Lagoon is receiving external loadings of 5,346, 771, and 54,408 metric tons per year of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Most of the loadings are stormwater generated; thus, implementation of reduction targets will key in on major urban and agricultural stormwater systems. The process of developing targets requires the establishment of light requirements for seagrass. Two methods are being employed to develop such targets. One method is the application of a predictive, 3‐D model that accounts for the essential interactive processes of the Lagoon: hydrology, hydrodynamics, water quality, nutrient uptake/release, seagrass growth rates, and light attenuation. The other method is based simply on the comparison of loading rates between a developed sub‐basin with associated seagrass impacts and an undeveloped sub‐basin with adjacent healthy seagrass coverages. The latter method will provide the initial and preliminary targets that can be tested, confirmed, or modified by application of the 3‐D model.     

膜生物反应器中污泥膨胀和腐败研究

针对聚醚砜膜生物反应器处理豆制品废水时发生的丝状菌污泥膨胀和污泥腐败问题,进行了实验研究。试验结果表明:污泥膨胀是由pH过低和有机负荷过高引起的,通过投加无水Na2CO3调节碱度和降低有机负荷,污泥沉降性能很快得到了改善;污泥腐败则是因废水厌氧降解过程所释放的NH3,CO2,H2S等气体所致。     

PREDICTABILITY OF SURFACE WATER POLLUTION LOADING IN PENNSYLVANIA USING WATERSHED‐BASED LANDSCAPE MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: We formally evaluated the relationship between landscape characteristics and surface water quality in the state of Pennsylvania (USA) by regressing two different types of pollutant responses on landscape variables that were measured for whole watersheds. One response was the monthly exported mass of nitrogen estimated from field measurements, while the other response was a GIS‐modeled pollution potential index. Regression models were built by the stepwise selection protocol, choosing an optimal set of landscape predictors. After factoring out the effect of physiography, the dominant predictors were the proportion of “annual herbaceous” land and “total herbaceous” land for the nitrogen loading and pollution potential index, respectively. The strength of these single predictors is encouraging because the marginal land cover proportions are the simplest landscape measurements to obtain once a land cover map is in hand; however, the optimal set of predictors also included several measurements of spatial pattern. Thus, for watersheds at this general hierarchical scale, gross landscape pattern may be an important influence on instream pollution loading. Overall, there is strong evidence that using landscape measurements alone, obtained solely from remotely sensed data, can explain most of the water quality variability (R²= approx. 0.75) within these watersheds.     

八种不同工艺组合人工湿地系统除磷效果研究

传统的人工湿地系统除磷效能的提高方式主要集中在基质填料的选择、湿地植物的筛选等方面,本试验从调整湿地的组合工艺着手探索提高磷去除效率的优化组合,在为期两年的研究中考察了推流床-下行流-上行流、下行流-上行流-推流床、好氧塘-下行流、下行流-兼性塘、推流床-下行流、下行流-上行流、推流床等8种不同工艺组合人工湿地系统对富营养化湖泊水体中磷的去除规律,比较了这些湿地组合所构建的生物学效应。试验结果显示,如果采用塘系统作组合单元在湿地系统中前置比较理想,而在不同的季节,不同水力负荷下的冲击试验结果表明,复合垂直流湿地系统可以常年保持稳定的、较高的磷去除能力,而且对水力变化具有更好的耐受性能。复合垂直流湿地作为一种新型的人工湿地系统工艺组合具有较好的理论价值和应用前景.     

复合构建湿地运行初期理化性质及氮的变化

研究了在间歇式进水条件下，复合构建湿地系统对氮的去除效果，阐述了湿度要、溶氧、pH等理化因子变化的原因。实验初期，系统尚处于不稳定时期，对N的去除不够理想。随着筚驼逐步步和稳定状态，对KN、NH4^ 、N、NO2^-有明显的去除效果，平均去除率分别为50％、66％和71％。硝化－反硝化作用是氨氮去除的主要途径。从总体上看，有植物系统中硝态氮的出水含量较对照系统同，说明间歇式进水以及植物的存在都有利于硝化作用的发生。实验发现，复合构建湿地在冬季仍能较好地改善水质，是一种有效的水链管理对策，对受污水体水质改善和水生态系统恢复具有重要意义。     

EUTROPHICATION MEASURES FOR SMALL LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Continuous measures of water quality responsiveness to changes in nutrient loadings are developed for use by environmental regulators attempting to achieve the greatest degree of water quality improvement consistent with competing uses of scarce resources. Recent contributions to the literature, based upon the nutrient loading concept, provide statistical relationships applicable to broad categories of lakes. In order to meet the requirements of water quality regulators, equations based upon USEPA survey data are developed in terms of the functional forms formulated and tested in the literature. Since recent authors have observed that much existing survey data are inappropriate for the formulation and testing of nutrient loading relationships, we have utilized results from the literature that work best with the existing data base, on grounds that such data are most inexpensively available to water quality managers. The nature of existing data limitations is discussed, and approaches to the revision of current results in light of improvements in the data base are indicated.     

CORRELATION OF ANNUAL PEAK FLOWS FOR PENNSYLVANIA STREAMS1

A common assumption in flood frequency analysis is that annual peak flows are independent events. This study was undertaken to investigate the validity of this assumption with regard to Pennsylvania streams by statistically analyzing the dependence between annual peak flows and to determine if basin carryover effects relate to the degree of dependence. Five tests of dependence, the autocorrelation test, the median crossing test, the turning points test, the rank difference test, and the Spearman rank order serial correlation coefficient test were applied to the series of annual peak flows for 57 streams. Of the 57 streams analyzed, only two exhibited signs of dependence by at least two of the tests performed, and the baseflow component of annual peak flows was found to be unrelated to the degree of dependence exhibited between annual peak flows. It was concluded that the assumption of independence of annual peak flows is valid in flood frequency analysis for Pennsylvania streams.     

Application of nutrient loading models to the analysis of trophic conditions in Lake Okeechobee,Florida

Lake Okeechobee (surface area = 1830 km², mean depth = 3.5 m), the largest lake in Florida, is eutrophic and has nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates in excess of nearly all established criteria. The lake is not homogeneous regarding trophic conditions, and spatial and temporal variations occur regarding nutrient limitation. Nonetheless, phosphorus loading rate and trophic state data fit reasonably well to various input-output models developed for temperate lakes. Modification of the models by regression analysis to fit data for Florida lakes resulted in improved predictions for most parameters. Analysis of nutrient management alternatives for the lake indicates that a 75% reduction of phosphorus loading from the largest source (the Taylor Creek-Nubbins Slough watershed) would reduce the average chlorophyll a concentration by less than 20%. Complete elimination of inputs from the largest nitrogen source (the Everglades Agricultural Area) would decrease the average nitrogen concentration in the lake by about 20%. Limitations of nutrient inputoutput models regarding analysis of trophic conditions and management alternatives for the lake are discussed.     

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PUMPAGE IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER,FLORIDA1

Several large agricultural pumps, located in the upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, and representative of the numerous pumps operating in the basin, were monitored during the spring and summer of 1982. These pumps have rated capacities ranging from 36 to 334 ft³/s and drain various quantities of improved pasture, row crop, and citrus land uses. The combined total pumping capacity of the pumps in this study is approximately equal to the average flow at US 192, near Melbourne (691 cfs). Results indicate high nutrient and suspended solids loading to the river, but the relative magnitude of each parameter varies with pump site and date. The row crop/Mary A pump (267 ft³/s capacity) exhibited the poorest water quality of the sampled pumps and appeared to have the greatest pollutional potential. The average suspended solids loading rate from the Mary A pump was high (37,900 Kg/day). The average total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharge concentrations at this pump were also high, with values of 3.96 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L, respectively. As expected, nutrient loading rates reflected discharge rates, to a large degree. Average TN loading rates for the pumping stations varied from 86 to 1935 Kg/day while TP loading ranged from 7 to 390 Kg/day. Nutrients from pumping are contributing factors to the increasing aquatic plant growth and algal blooms in the area. Poor quality discharge water, as well as rapid rises in water level from the cumulative discharges resulting in dead marsh vegetation and accompanying oxygen sags, have been suggested as causative factors for fish kills in the area.