Identifying management opportunities to combat climate,land, and marine threats across less climate exposed coral reefs

Conserving coral reefs is critical for maintaining marine biodiversity, protecting coastlines, and supporting livelihoods in many coastal communities. Climate change threatens coral reefs globally, but researchers have identified a portfolio of coral reefs (bioclimatic units [BCUs]) that are relatively less exposed to climate impacts and strongly connected to other coral reef systems. These reefs provide a proactive opportunity to secure a long-term future for coral reefs under climate change. To help guide local management efforts, we quantified marine cumulative human impact (CHI) from climate, marine, and land pressures (2013 and from 2008 to 2013) in BCUs and across countries tasked with BCU management. Additionally, we created a management index based on common management measures and policies for each pressure source (climate, marine, and land) to identify a country's intent and commitment to effectively manage these pressures. Twenty-two countries (79%) had increases in CHI from 2008 to 2013. Climate change pressures had the highest proportional contribution to CHI across all reefs and in all but one country (Singapore), but 18 BCUs (35%) and nine countries containing BCUs (32%) had relatively high land and marine impacts. There was a significant positive relationship between climate impact and the climate management index across countries (R² = 0.43, p = 0.02), potentially signifying that countries with greater climate impacts are more committed to managing them. However, this trend was driven by climate management intent in Fiji and Bangladesh. Our results can be used to guide future fine-scale analyses, national policies, and local management decisions, and our management indices reveal areas where management components can be improved. Cost-effectively managing local pressures (e.g., fishing and nutrients) in BCUs is essential for building a climate-ready future that benefits coral reefs and people.     

贵州省务川汞矿区土法炼汞过程中汞释放量的估算

通过对酸性水溶液、含Fe³⁺水溶液、含Fe²⁺水溶液、细菌菌液和细菌培养基水溶液脱除二氧化硫的实验,探讨了微生物液相氧化二氧化硫的途径.以液相中SO₄^2-浓度考察了Fe³⁺浓度、Fe²⁺浓度、进口SO₂浓度以及温度对脱硫成酸的影响.微生物脱硫有2种机制:一是直接氧化作用,即氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)将S(IV)氧化成S(VI);二是间接催化氧化,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在酸性条件下具有快速氧化Fe²⁺成Fe³⁺,增强Fe³⁺对SO₂的液相催化氧化能力,研究表明微生物脱硫以间接催化氧化为主.在浓度0～1.2g/L之间,Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺浓度越高,脱硫效果越好,氧化亚铁硫杆菌表现出对Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺体系氧化SO₂的强化效果.入口SO₂浓度越高,细菌脱硫效率越低,但液相中SO₄^2-浓度随进口SO₂浓度增加变化不大.温度对微生物脱硫影响较大,最佳脱硫温度为30～40℃.     

Comparative Assessment of the Level of Plant Cover Synanthropization in Specially Protected Areas

Tendencies in plant cover synanthropization depending on the pattern and intensity of anthropogenic impacts on natural complexes have been revealed in specially protected areas of different classes (a nature reserve and a nature park).     

渤海湾大型底栖动物群落优势种长期变化研究

以2008年4月,2009年5月、8月,2011年5月、9月以及2012年9月采集的大型底栖动物资料为基础,结合历史数据,描述渤海湾底栖动物群落优势种的变化规律,探讨变化原因.结果表明,近60年来,渤海湾底栖动物群落优势种多为营埋栖生活的小型双壳类和蟹类,而近几年则以小型双壳类为绝对优势种.其中,干扰耐受种凸壳肌蛤(Musculus senhousei)在渤海湾迅速增值并成为绝对优势种,影响了底栖动物群落结构的稳定性.胶州湾、莱州湾、辽东湾及渤海湾的主要优势种较为相似,变化规律皆为个体较大、生命周期较长的双壳类、虾蟹类逐步被个体更小、生命周期更短的干扰耐受种代替,说明4个海湾的底栖生态环境皆受到了一定程度的干扰.渤海湾优势种的变化可能与海湾本身的底质状况、人为干扰(如围海造陆工程的实施)、过量的陆源排污以及食物链的变化有关.     

海州湾潮滩重金属污染的历史记录

近岸海域是区域源汇过程的汇,记载了区域环境演变的重要信息.2010年在海州湾潮滩采集得到4个沉积物柱样,对沉积物柱样进行了重金属元素测定,结合核素210Pb测年结果,研究了海州湾潮滩重金属污染历史及人类活动对其影响.运用Al元素作为粒度的代用指标对重金属进行标准化,并获取了重金属富集系数和人为污染的重金属通量.研究表明,粒度控制效应并不是影响海州湾潮滩地区重金属分布的最主要因素,并且各重金属元素之间具有良好的相关性,说明该区域重金属元素具有来源一致性;海州湾潮滩沉积物中除重金属Cr和Cu表现为弱富集外,其他重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn均表现为强富集,并且表层沉积物中重金属含量均高于该区域的背景值,这表明近50年以来,海州湾潮滩已明显受到人类污染源的影响,从而造成沉积物中重金属不断富集累积;自20世纪50年代至2000年初海州湾潮滩沉积物中人为污染活动输入的重金属通量呈现出波动增加的趋势,这种变化特征与区域社会、经济发展阶段相吻合;而从2005年以来随着区域产业结构优化调整,环境监管力度加强,潮滩沉积物中人为来源的重金属通量呈现出减少的趋势.     

面向碳中和的中国低碳国土开发利用

基于IPAT和IBIS模型在预测人为碳排放和陆地生态系统碳汇的基础上,探讨了中国2060年实现碳中和的可行性以及不同土地利用方式承载的碳汇分布。2060年我国人为碳排放预计为0.86 Pg C yr ^-1;IPCC报告中RCP 2.6和RCP 6.0情景的陆地生态系统分别中和33%和38%的人为碳排放。2060年林地、草地、耕地是陆地生态系统碳汇主要贡献者,占93%;与2030年比,在RCP 2.6情景下林地和草地的碳汇贡献分别下降10%和8%,而耕地上升18%;RCP 6.0情景下林地和草地的贡献分别下降7%和2%,而耕地上升4%。但若按2051—2060年间两种情景下的最高年份（2055年）的碳汇计,则分别可以中和65%、82%的人为碳排放。据此,提出为实现2060年碳中和,应以碳承载力为基础,聚焦区域国土空间规划和建设用地开发规模,对土地利用转变进行严格管控,探索制订土地利用碳排放标准。     

1980~2015年长江流域净人为氮输入与河流氮输出动态特征

为推进长江氮污染的精准防治,分析了 1980～2015年的净人为氮输入量(net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs,NANI)和大通站河流可溶性无机氮(DIN)输出通量的年际动态变化特征,构建了定量描述两者之间动态响应关系的多元回归模型,识别了河流DIN来源组成.结果表明,1980～2015年期间,长江流域NANI(以N计)从1980年的4 166 kg·(km2·a)-1持续增加至2015年的8 571 kg·(km2·a)-1,人口密度和畜禽养殖密度增加是NANI快速增加的主要原因.化肥氮和净食物/饲料氮输入是NANI的主要来源,69％的NANI进入农林地(NANIN),31％的NANI进入人居地(NANIP).长江DIN输出通量(以N计)由1980年的455 kg·(km2·a)-l持续增加到了 2015年的1 811 kg·(km2·a)-1.长江DIN输出通量的时间变化不仅与NANI及其组分密切相关,而且受到遗留氮库和建坝库容的影响.基于NANIN、NANIp和建库容量的多元非线性回归模型能解释长江DIN输出通量92％的时间变异性.该模型估算结果显示当年NANI、遗留氮库和自然背景源对长江DIN输出通量的36 a平均贡献率分别为58％、36％和6％.因此,加强NANI和遗留氮协同管理是有效控制长江氮污染的关键.     

长三角地区大气NO2和CO2浓度的时空变化及驱动因子分析

以长三角城市群为研究对象,利用卫星遥感观测数据协同分析长三角地区大气NO₂和CO₂浓度的时空变化特征和驱动因子,揭示了长三角地区污染物和CO₂高浓度地区空间格局.结果表明长三角城市群地区大气NO₂和CO₂浓度的时空分布及变化特征呈现了受化石燃料燃烧和机动车排放等人为活动以及区域地形、地表覆盖、气候等自然条件的综合影响结果.大气NO₂和CO₂高浓度值围绕太湖明显呈口对西南向的U字形分布,一致于围绕太湖分布的杭州、上海、苏州、无锡、常州和南京等大型城市区域,以及安徽铜陵地区的工业排放区.大气NO₂浓度值呈现秋冬时期较高,夏季最低的季节分布特征.大气CO₂浓度受植被CO₂吸收和CO₂的积累影响,8~9月最低,4~5月最高.此外,随着人为排放活动的急剧减少,2020年1~3月的大气NO₂浓度比2019年同时期降低了50%以上,其中分布了以钢铁厂、燃煤厂为主的大型工业热源的城市NO₂浓度下降最多,如镇江、南京、马鞍山.     

Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.     

基于多源遥感信息的人为热排放量空间化——以浙江省为例

基于自上而下能源清单法,主要考虑工业、交通、建筑和人体新陈代谢这4个热源对人为热的贡献,估算了2010年浙江省68个县市的人为热排放总量.使用DMSP/OLS遥感夜间灯光数据以及阈值法提取出人为热排放的主要区域,并有效减少夜灯像元溢出效应的影响.利用夜间灯光数据和增强型植被指数(EVI)构建人居指数,基于各市县人为热排放总量与其行政区范围内人居指数累计值之间很强的相关关系建立人为热排放量空间化模型,获得了250m分辨率下浙江省2010年城市人为热通量的空间分布.结果显示浙江省各县市的平均人为热排放通量为5.5W/m²,城市高值区一般介于10~40W/m².栅格化的人为热数据可以为城市气候环境的数值模拟研究提供基础数据支持.