IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND HEALTH1

ABSTRACT: We review published analyses of the effects of climate change on goods and services provided by freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Climate-induced changes must be assessed in the context of massive anthropogenic changes in water quantity and quality resulting from altered patterns of land use, water withdrawal, and species invasions; these may dwarf or exacerbate climate-induced changes. Water to meet instream needs is competing with other uses of water, and that competition is likely to be increased by climate change. We review recent predictions of the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems in eight regions of North America. Impacts include warmer temperatures that alter lake mixing regimes and availability of fish habitat; changed magnitude and seasonality of runoff regimes that alter nutrient loading and limit habitat availability at low flow; and loss of prairie pothole wetlands that reduces waterfowl populations. Many of the predicted changes in aquatic ecosystems are a consequence of climatic effects on terrestrial ecosystems; shifts in riparian vegetation and hydrology are particularly critical. We review models that could be used to explore potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems; these include models of instream flow, bioenergetics models, nutrient spiraling models, and models relating riverine food webs to hydrologic regime. We discuss potential ecological risks, benefits, and costs of climate change and identify information needs and model improvements that are required to improve our ability to predict and identify climate change impacts and to evaluate management options.     

Environmental–geochemical characteristics of Cu in the soil and water in copper-rich deposit area of southeastern Hubei Province, along the middle Yangtze River, Central China

In this study, the natural Cu background concentration and Cu natural and anthropogenic contamination in soil, water and crop were investigated systematically in Huangshi area. The results show that regional geology is the dominant factor controlling the natural Cu background concentration in soil and water, and that pH is important to control the vertical distribution of Cu in soil under the same geographical and climatic conditions. The mineralization of rock bodies causes the natural Cu increase in soil and water, whereas, a large number of mining–smelting plants and chemical works are the main sources of Cu anthropogenic contamination. Cu in naturally and anthropogenically polluted soil displays differences in total and available contents, vertical distribution patterns and physico-chemical properties, the same happens in water.     

Biophysical and anthropogenic controls of forest fires in the Deccan Plateau, India

Forest fires constitute one of the most serious environmental problems in several forested regions of India. In the Indian sub-continent, relatively few studies have focused on the assessment of biophysical and anthropogenic controls of forest fires at a landscape scale and the spatial aspects of these relationships. In this study, we used fire count data sets from satellite remote sensing data covering 78 districts over four different states of the Deccan Plateau, India, for assessing the underlying causes of fires. Spatial data for explanatory variables of fires pertaining to topography, vegetation, climate, anthropogenic and accessibility factors have been gathered corresponding with fire presence/absence. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the probability of the presence of fires as a function of the explanatory variables. Results for fire area estimates suggested that, of the total fires covering 47,043km(2) that occurred during the year 2000 for the entire Indian region, 29.0% occurred in the Deccan Plateau, with Andhra Pradesh having 13.5%, Karnataka 14.7%, Kerala 0.1%, and Tamilnadu 1.15%. Results from the logistic regression suggest that the strongest influences on the fire occurrences were the amount of forest area, biomass densities, rural population density (PD), average precipitation of the warmest quarter, elevation (ELE) and mean annual temperature (MAT). Among these variables, biomass density (BD) and average precipitation of the warmest quarter had the highest significance, followed by others. These results on the best predictors of forest fires can be used both as a strategic planning tool to address broad scale fire risk concerns, and also as a tactical guide to help forest managers to design fire mitigation measures at the district level.     

人类活动对城市地下水影响的探讨

通过对城市地下水包气带特征、地下水的排泄和补给特征、雨水排泄特征的系统分析，认为由于城市地下水系统受自然条件和人为因素双重作用的控制使之表现出与自然状态下完全不同的特征：由于地表的硬化，城市包气带由三层结构变为四层结构，即地表硬化层、土壤水带、中间带和毛细水带；城市地区的人文历史沉积也会对包气带造成影响；雨水主要通过城市的排水系统排泄。地下水主要通过人工开采排泄，都表现出集中排泄的特点。文中还对酸沉降对城市地区地下水水质和包气带性质可能受到的影响进行了初步的分析。     

广东省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究

本研究根据收集的广东省人为源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法、排放因子和GIS技术,建立了该地区2010年3 km×3 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2010年广东省SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、BC、OC、VOCs和NH3排放总量分别为867.8×103、1607.0×103、7476.0×103、1397.6×103、633.2×103、50.5×103、98.3×103、1436.5×103和578.3×103t.固定燃烧源是SO2和NOx的最大排放贡献源,CO排放主要来自道路移动源、固定燃烧源和生物质燃烧源,扬尘源和工业过程源是主要的PM10和PM2.5排放源,生物质燃烧源是最大的BC和OC贡献源,VOCs排放主要来自有机溶剂使用源、道路移动源和工业过程源,NH3排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和氮肥施用.东莞、佛山和广州是主要的SO2、NOx、CO和VOCs排放城市,广州、清远和梅州是最主要的PM10和PM2.5排放城市,BC排放集中在广州、深圳、东莞、佛山等珠三角城市,OC的重要排放城市为湛江和茂名,NH3排放主要分布在茂名、湛江和肇庆.空间分布结果显示,广东省NH3排放高值区分布在粤西和粤东地区,其他污染物排放高值区则主要分布在珠三角城市群.本研究建立的排放源清单仍具有一定的不确定性,建议后续研究加强大气污染源排放的基础研究,进一步完善该地区的排放源清单,以期为区域大气污染预报预警和污染控制措施的制定提供重要基础数据.     

长沙市人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究

根据收集的长沙市人为源活动水平数据,建立了该地区2014年1 km×1 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2014年长沙市SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC、VOCs和NH_3排放总量分别为53.5×10~3、78.3×10~3、284.6×10~3、102.3×10~3、42.1×10~3、4.0×10~3、7.2×10~3、64.2×10~3、27.1×10~3t.化石燃料固定燃烧源为最大的SO_2排放贡献源,道路移动源是主要的NO_x贡献源,CO排放主要来自化石燃料固定燃烧源和道路移动源,长沙市VOCs的最大贡献源是溶剂使用源,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)最主要的排放源是扬尘源,BC最大的排放贡献源为化石燃料固定燃烧源,生物质燃烧源是最大的OC贡献源,NH_3排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和农业施肥.空间分布结果显示,长沙市NH_3的排放在宁乡县、望城区、长沙县、浏阳市分布较多,主要呈现片状分布.其他污染物排放高值区则主要分布在中心城区、工业区及道路分布区域.     

四川省基于第二次污染源普查数据的人为源大气污染源排放清单及特征

本研究根据自下而上和自上而下相结合的方法收集四川省人为源活动水平数据,其中工业源活动水平来自四川省第二次污染源普查数据,涵盖11020台锅炉信息、60078家工业企业信息,成都市收集了19152家工业企业数据,占四川省企业总数的32%.各污染源选取合理的排放因子并结合GIS技术,构建了该地区2017年9 km×9 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2017年四川省SO₂、NO_x、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC、OC、VOCs和NH₃排放总量分别为308.6×10³、725.7×10³、3131.2×10³、927.6×10³、422.4×10³、30.2×10³、72.0×10³、600.9×10³和887.1×10³t.固定燃烧源和工艺过程源是SO₂主要贡献源,CO的主要贡献源为工艺过程源和移动源,扬尘源和工艺过程源为PM₁₀和PM_2.5的主要贡献源,扬尘源是BC和OC最大贡献源,VOCs排放源主要来自工艺过程源、移动源和溶剂使用源,NH₃排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和氮肥施用.污染空间分布结果显示,各项污染物主要集中分布于人口密集,工业和农业较为发达的四川盆地和攀枝花部分区域,高值点位集中在成都平原地区的德阳—成都—眉山—乐山沿线.本研究建立的排放清单仍具有一定不确定性,后续研究工作中应进一步加强活动水平数据获取的准确性,针对典型污染源开展污染物排放因子测试工作,完善网格化排放清单,为四川省大气污染防治提供科学支撑.     

夏季北京市大气中PAN与PPN的监测分析

采用在线监测仪器,在2005-08对北京市中关村地区大气中的PAN和PPN浓度进行了监测.结果表明,大气中存在着高浓度的PAN和PPN,其最高体积分数分别为2 493.2×10^-12和509.2×10^-12;PPN与PAN的浓度相关性很强,相关系数R²=0.949 5;［PPN］/［PAN］为20.2%. PAN和PPN的浓度在夜间有1个峰值出现,白天高浓度的PAN和PPN出现在NO₂浓度较高而NO浓度较低的时段,PAN与O₃的浓度变化趋势基本一致并显示出一定的相关性.     

A 60-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chenghai, China

Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (P_o), inorganic phosphorus (P_i) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N) in a ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.     

广州地区大气中C2～C9非甲烷碳氢化合物的人为来源

研究了广州地区13种人为源的C2～C9非甲烷碳氢化合物的源成分谱,及其在2002年夏季和冬季环境空气中的组成和变化规律.应用CMB 8.0受体模型对各人为源进行了源解析,得到了该地区人为源的平均浓度贡献率,分别为:乙烯化工厂29.7%,机动车24.2%,加油站12.1%,石油加工9.0%,电子加工8.3%,涂料工艺4.3%,工业垃圾焚烧2.4%,炼焦1.9%,油墨工艺1.1%,卷烟加工0.9%,制冷工艺0.7%.通过对6个受体点的源解析,结果表明乙烯化工工业点源和流动源为该地区NMHCs人为源的控制重点,面源是控制难点.