中国城市人为热通量估计及时空分布

基于中国统计年鉴中1985~2018年全国能源消耗和人口数据,估计中国城市人为热排放通量及其时间变化趋势.利用人口空间分布和污染物排放清单数据,探讨人为热排放的空间分布特征.依据能源类型,人为热分为工业、交通运输、建筑和新陈代谢4类排放.结果表明,我国人为热排放多年来持续增长,2000年增长加速,2012~2016年增速有所放缓.2016年我国平均人为热排放通量达到0.442W/m²,工业、建筑、交通、新陈代谢排放的全国平均人为热排放通量分别为0.311,0.072,0.038和0.020W/m².人为热排放的高值主要分布在京津冀、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲重点城市群区域以及其他一些规模较大的区域重点城市.4类人为热排放均呈现东部多、西部少的特点.工业排放人为热分布与区域经济发展水平和城市化程度有关.交通运输排放的人为热主要集中在交通枢纽城市.与已有的人为热排放清单相比,本研究估计的人为热排放通量在规模较大的城市具有更大的数值,更能体现人类活动对人为热排放的贡献.     

浙江省人为源氨排放清单建立及分布特征

通过收集各类氨排放源的活动水平数据,选取合适的排放因子以及估算方法,建立了2017年浙江省人为源氨排放清单,分析各排放源的排放分摊率以及浙江省各市的排放情况,并利用ArcGIS对浙江省氨排放量和排放强度的空间分布进行分析.结果表明, 2017年浙江省人为源氨排放量为122.00 kt,以农业源排放为主,其中农田生态系统氨排放量最高,达到36.06 kt,并以氮肥施用贡献最大(87.12%);其次是禽畜养殖,占到人为源氨排放总量的29.44%.非农业源中废物处理和人体排放源贡献最大,分别占到非农业源氨排放量的44.07%和28.49%. 2017年杭州市氨排放量最高,占浙江省氨排放总量的17.83%;但嘉兴市的氨排放强度最大,达到3.82 t·km~(-2).从空间分布来看,氨排放量主要集中在浙江省北部和东南部,而浙江省北部和东北部的氨排放强度相对较高.     

Atmospheric Budget of Non-Seasalt Chlorine in the Kanto District,Japan

To evaluate the influence of anthropogenic emission of HCl on the air quality in the Kanto district of Japan, the atmospheric budgetof non-seasalt Cl (nssCl) was analyzed. The Kanto district, which consists of the Tokyo metropolis and the six surrounding prefectures, is the most densely populated region in Japan. The emission intensity of HCl is extremely high compared with those in other regions and most western countries. In this study, the annual wet and dry depositions of nssClwere estimated on a 0.25 × 0.25° grid over the Kanto district based on the concentration monitoring resultsand meteorological data. The budget analysis was conducted by comparing the estimated deposition with the emission of HCl. As a result, the annual total (wet + dry) deposition of nssCl was estimated to be 32 kt yr^-1, which closely agreed with HCl emission (36 kt yr^-1) from waste incineration in this area. The result suggested that the anthropogenic emission of HCl had a significant influence on the air quality and the deposition of acidity in this area.     

太湖流域河流及溪流大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

2012年10月对太湖流域93个样点大型底栖动物进行调查,分析西部丘陵水生态功能区和东部平原水生态功能区底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系.共采集到底栖动物104种,隶属4门8纲19目46科85属.各样点的底栖动物总密度差别很大,介于1.33~39080ind./m2.西部丘陵区的物种丰富度、物种多样性均高于东部平原区.东部平原区的优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺和霍甫水丝蚓等耐污种,而西部丘陵区的优势种中包括清洁种(毛翅目和蜉蝣目幼虫).相似性分析结果表明2个生态区底栖动物群落具有显著差异,铜锈环棱螺、霍甫水丝蚓、锯齿新米虾、大沼螺、苏氏尾鳃蚓等是造成2生态区之间群落结构差异的主要原因.典范对应分析结果表明影响底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为栖境多样性、营养状态及底质异质性.Goodnight-Whitley指数和BPI指数评价结果表明西部丘陵区整体处于轻污染状态,而东部平原区大部分采样点处于轻污染状态和中污染状态,部分采样点处于重污染状态.     

The coastal component of the U.S. integrated ocean observing system

The combined effects of human activities and natural variability present significant challenges to the goals of protecting, restoring, and sustaining coastal ecosystems. Meeting these challenges and resolving conflicts in an informed fashion will require: (1) more timely detection and prediction of environmental changes and their consequences; and (2) more timely access to relevant environmental information. The achievement of these goals depends on the development of a sustained and integrated coastal ocean observing system (ICOOS) that insures timely access to the data and information required to improve: (1) climate predictions and the effects of changes in the weather on coastal populations; (2) efforts to sustain and restore healthy coastal marine ecosystems and living marine resources; and (3) compliance monitoring and evaluations of the efficacy of environmental policies. Although the responsible federal and state agencies all require similar environmental information, many separate programs have evolved for collecting, managing, and analyzing data for various purposes. Consequently, there is too much redundancy; access to diverse data from disparate sources is limited and time consuming; and individual programs are inevitably underfunded and too limited in scope. A system is needed that coordinates and integrates many of the elements of these programs to minimize redundancy, be more comprehensive, provide more timely access to data and information, and satisfy the information needs of a greater number of user groups in a more cost-effective fashion. This is the purpose of the ICOOS.     

河南黄河改道区浅层地下水化学特征与主控污染源解析

黄河下游的河南北部平原是黄河频繁发生改道的地区.该地区浅层地下水水质较差且超标组分类型多,但是多种因素影响下各环境因子对水质的贡献作用仍需进一步得到量化.为了明确研究区浅层地下水的水质成因,采集330组浅层地下水样品进行区域性水质调查,通过主成分-绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归（PCA-APCS-MLR）模型揭示豫北黄河改道区的浅层地下水水质演化来源.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水超标率从高到低依次为：锰>铁>总硬度>溶解性总固体>钠>氟>砷>氯离子>硫酸根>铵根,特别是锰的超标率达到76％.水-岩溶滤富集作用、土壤来源、氧化还原条件和农业活动这4种因素是导致地下水水质较差的主要原因,四者方差累积解释率达到71.24％,同时地表水的补给也会影响地下水质.新乡等北部的黄河故道区地下水中,铁、砷、铵根、总硬度和TDS等组分主要受到水-岩溶滤作用和氧化还原条件影响造成浓度增加;黄河沿岸的水-岩溶滤作用、土壤来源与黄河侧向补给造成水中氟的富集;高锰地下水受到土壤组分影响广泛存在于研究区,而个别地区农业活动和地表水补给造成硝酸盐的点状污染.     

应用大气化学模型解析华北地区大气氮沉降时空分布特征及影响因素

本研究基于大气化学传输模型模拟结果,分析了2005—2015年华北地区大气氮沉降的时空分布特征,通过对2005年和2015年的结果进行模型敏感性实验,定量分析了全国和华北本地的人为源排放以及气象场对华北地区氮沉降年际变化的贡献。结果表明：(1)2005—2015年华北地区氮沉降年均量为28.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1(以N计,余同),其中18.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1来自还原态氮(NH_x),10.0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1来自氧化态氮(NO_y)。湿沉降占比为56%(16.1 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),略高于干沉降(12.6 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)。氮沉降的高值主要集中在华北的东南地区,低值集中在华北的西北地区,整体呈夏季高冬季低的季节特征。(2)2005—2015年,华北地区氮沉降整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,波动范围在27....     

人类活动影响下喀斯特区域景观格局梯度分析

在ARCGIS和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS 3.3的支持下,分析了喀斯特区域广西环江县不同人类活动强度样带1988年和2005年2个时期的景观格局变化特征,以及2005年研究区4种主要景观类型的格局特征随人类活动强度的梯度变化规律。研究结果表明,环江县景观分布不均匀,林地是研究区的基质景观类型;在景观水平上,随着人类活动强度的降低,样带景观的破碎化程度降低,形状复杂程度升高,景观斑块的分布趋于集中;在景观类型水平上,研究区4种主要的景观类型在梯度带中能够很好的反映出格局的变化特征,其中,各景观类型的面积比重、破碎度和分维数随人类活动强度的梯度变化趋势较为明显,聚集度和连通性的梯度变化幅度相对较小。研究揭示了景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,可为研究区自然资源的合理开发及可持续发展提供参考。     

香溪河流域人类活动净磷输入量及其影响因素

为了阐明三峡库区第一大支流香溪河流域人类活动对磷输入的影响程度,收集流域所涉及的2001~2019年的乡镇统计数据,运用改进的人类活动净磷输入（NAPI）模型,分析了该流域NAPI的发展趋势.结果表明：在时间尺度上,香溪河流域2001~2019年的NAPI整体呈下降趋势;在空间尺度上,NAPI呈现东北部高于西南部的趋势,影响香溪河流域NAPI的主要乡镇为黄粮镇、峡口镇和昭君镇,占香溪河流域NAPI的63.8%;河流磷输出占NAPI的百分比为10.7%~79.5%;从NAPI结构上看,影响香溪河流域NAPI主要的影响因素为磷肥施入量,占香溪河流域NAPI的46%~68%,次要影响因素为食物磷和磷化工及磷矿开采导致磷素释放量,分别占香溪河流域NAPI的14%~32%和16%~24%;从NAPI影响因素上看,NAPI与人口密度和耕地面积占比均呈极显著正相关（P<0.001）,而在小流域研究尺度上,NAPI与河流磷输出的相关性不显著（P>0.05）,不具有直接的响应关系.因此,香溪河流域磷素管理应优先考虑重点区域（黄粮镇、峡口镇和昭君镇）,控制化肥施用量,并提高工厂污染物排放标准.     

Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed

Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.