非常规水源补给城市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及风险评价

非常规水源补给城市河流水环境问题日益严重.因此,本文采集了凉水河水系表层沉积物,分析了6种重金属元素的污染特征,并采用富集系数法和潜在生态危害指数法,分别进行了重金属的来源解析和风险评价,以期为非常规水源补给河流的治理提供参考.结果表明,凉水河水系表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的均值分别为0.65、65.68、49.73、24.23、24.63和120.36 mg·kg-1,大部分元素超过了背景值.其中,Cd和Cu在整个区域沉积物中的富集系数均值分别高达10.45和2.59,Zn在凉水河上游和中游沉积物中的富集系数分别达到2.54和2.27,Pb在凉水河中游沉积物中的富集系数为1.64,均存在明显的人为输入过程,可能主要来自污水处理厂出水及周边城市生活污水和农田退水.潜在生态危害指数表明,凉水河水系沉积物整体上达到了强生态危害(RI=302.46),尤其是干流中游河段(RI=395.66);而沉积物质量基准结果表明,除个别样点外,凉水河水系沉积物基本无毒性.     

上海浦东地区气溶胶散射系数及影响因子

利用上海浦东站2008年的积分浊度计观测资料,研究超大城市工作和生活环境中气溶胶散射系数的特征及其影响因子.结果表明,人为活动对本站气溶胶的散射系数具有一定影响,工作日的散射系数明显大于休息日.在边界层演变和人为排放的共同作用下,散射系数呈现"双峰一谷"的日变化特征."周末效应"的计算结果表明,交通排放是形成早晨8～9点散射系数强峰的主要原因,而夜间20～21点的次峰则主要是混合层降低向近地面逆温转化的结果.由于周边环境不同,地面风对本站气溶胶的扩散和输送作用差异明显,导致散射系数在不同风向区间的分布差异非常显著.东风时散射系数随风速增大连续减小,其作用主要表现为扩散降低气溶胶浓度;而西风时,在某些风速区间,散射系数随风速增强而明显增大,人为活动产生的输送对本站气溶胶散射系数具有明显影响.     

四川省2012年人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的各类人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了四川省2012年人为源氨排放清单,并分析了氨排放的空间分布特征.结果表明:四川省2012年人为源氨排放总量为994.8×103t,排放强度为2.12 t·km-2;畜禽养殖为最主要的排放源,分担率达62.31%,其次为氮肥施用,分担率为23.14%;生猪和牛是畜禽养殖中主要贡献者,共占畜禽排放总量的64%;成都市和达州市为氨排放量较大的城市,均占四川省排放总量的10%;空间分布特征显示排放量较大的网格主要集中在四川省东部,且多来自于城市周边区县.     

Assessing sensitivities of marine areas to stressors based on biological traits

Analysis of the biological traits (e.g., feeding mode and size) that control how organisms interact with their environment has been used to identify environmental drivers of, or impacts on, species and to explain the importance of biodiversity loss. Biological trait analysis (BTA) could also be used within risk-assessment frameworks or in conservation planning if one understands the groups of traits that predict the sensitivity of habitats or communities to specific human activities. Deriving sensitivities from BTA should extend sensitivity predictions to a variety of habitats, especially those in which it would be difficult to conduct experiments (e.g., due to depth or risk to human life) and to scales beyond the norm of most experiments. We used data on epibenthos, collected via video along transects at 27 sites in a relatively pristine region of the seafloor, to determine scales of natural spatial variability of derived sensitivities and the degree to which predictions of sensitivity differed among 3 stressors (extraction of species, sedimentation, and suspended sediments) or were affected by underlying community compositions. We used 3 metrics (weighted abundance, abundance of highly sensitive species, and number of highly sensitive species) to derive sensitivity to these stressors and simulated the ability of these metrics to detect a range of stressor intensities. Regardless of spatial patterns of sensitivities across the sampled area, BTA distinguished differences in sensitivity to different stressors. The BTA also successfully separated differences in community composition from differences in sensitivity to stressors. Conversely, the 3 metrics differed widely in their ability to detect simulated impacts and likely reflect underlying ecological processes, suggesting that use of multiple metrics would be informative for spatial planning and allocating conservation priorities. Our results suggest BTA could be used as a first step in strategic prioritization of protected areas and as an underlying layer for spatial planning.     

Using cumulative human-impact models to reveal global threat patterns for seahorses

Understanding threats acting on marine organisms and their conservation status is vital but challenging given a paucity of data. We studied the cumulative human impact (CHI) on and conservation status of seahorses (Hippocampus spp.)—a genus of rare and data-poor marine fishes. With expert knowledge and relevant spatial data sets, we built linear-additive models to assess and map the CHI of 12 anthropogenic stressors on 42 seahorse species. We examined the utility of indices of estimated impact (impact of each stressor and CHI) in predicting conservation status for species with random forest (RF) models. The CHI values for threatened species were significantly higher than those for nonthreatened species (category based on International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List). We derived high-accuracy RF models (87% and 96%) that predicted that 5 of the 17 data-deficient species were threatened. Demersal fishing practices with high bycatch and pollution were the best predictors of threat category. Major threat epicenters were in China, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Our results and maps of CHI may help guide global seahorse conservation and indicate that modeling and mapping human impacts can reveal threat patterns and conservation status for data-poor species. We found that for exploring threat patterns of focal species, species-level CHI models are better than existing ecosystem-level CHI models.     

Evaluating the impact of caribou habitat restoration on predator and prey movement

Fragmentation of the boreal forest by linear features, including seismic lines, has destabilized predator–prey dynamics, resulting in the decline of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) populations. Restoration of human-altered habitat has therefore been identified as a critical management tool for achieving self-sustaining woodland caribou populations. However, only recently has testing of the response of caribou and other wildlife to restoration activities been conducted. Early work has centered around assessing changes in wildlife use of restored seismic lines. We evaluated whether restoration reduces the movement rates of predators and their associated prey, which is expected to decrease predator hunting efficiency and ultimately reduce caribou mortality. We developed a new method for using cameras to measure fine-scale movement by measuring speed as animals traveled between cameras in an array. We used our method to quantify speed of caribou, moose (Alces alces), bears (Ursus americanus), and wolves (Canis lupus) on treated (restored) and untreated seismic lines. Restoration treatments reduced travel speeds along seismic lines of wolves by 1.38 km/h, bears by 0.55 km/h, and caribou by 1.57 km/h, but did not reduce moose travel speeds. Reduced predator and caribou speeds on treated seismic lines are predicted to decrease encounter rates between predators and caribou and thus lower caribou kill rates. However, further work is needed to determine whether reduced movement rates result in reduced encounter rates with prey, and ultimately reduced caribou mortality.     

The Phytoecological Map as a Means for Evaluating the State and Anthropogenic Transformation of Vegetation

The methodological principles of making a phytoecological map reflecting the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the plant cover are described.     

中国不同尺度大气污染物排放清单编制工作综述

大气污染物排放清单的编制可以直观表现清单编制地区的污染源状况,为政府制定污染物防控措施提供科学依据。在查阅大量文献的基础上,从清单方法学、区域和城市排放、清单不确定性3个方面对中国大部分地区的大气污染物排放清单编制工作进行了汇总整理。提出了未建立符合我国国情的排放因子和活动水平数据库、排放清单分辨率和不确定性研究水平不高、缺少对不发达地区的清单编制等问题。建议统筹排放清单编制工作,保证基础数据的准确性,逐步建立主要污染物的清单编制技术指南,加强学科间和国际间合作,开拓排放清单新的研究方向。最后,对未来大气污染物排放清单的编制工作提出了展望。     

Inorganic constituents of urban air pollution in the Lazio region (Central Italy)

A field study was carried out at six locations in the Lazio region (Central Italy) aimed at characterising atmospheric particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) from the point of view of the chemical composition and grain size distribution of the particles, the mixing properties of the atmosphere, the frequency and relevance of natural events. The combination of four different analytical techniques (ion chromatography, X-ray fluorescence and ICP for inorganic components, thermo-optical analysis for carbon compounds) yielded sound results in terms of characterisation of the air masses. During the first three months of the study (October-December 2004), many pollution events of natural (sea-salt or desert dust episodes) or anthropogenic nature were identified and characterised. More than 90% of the collected mass was identified by chemical analysis. The central role played by the mixing properties of the lower atmosphere when pollution events occurred was highlighted. The results show a major impact of primary anthropogenic pollutants on traffic stations and a homogeneous distribution of secondary pollutants over the regional area. An evaluation of the sources of PM and an identification of possible reliable tracers were obtained using a chemical fractionation procedure.