四川省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征

在收集四川省各城市人为污染源活动水平数据基础上,基于自下而上和自上而下结合的清单构建方法,选取排放因子并结合GIS技术,建立了该地区2015年1 km×1 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2015年四川省人为源SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC、VOCs和NH_3排放量分别为444.9×10~3、820.0×10~3、3 773.1×10~3、1 371.6×10~3、537.5×10~3、28.7×10~3、53.1×10~3、923.6×10~3和988.0×10~3t.电厂和工业锅炉等燃煤排放贡献了95%以上的SO_2,移动源、化石燃料燃烧源和工艺过程源分别贡献了54%、23%和20%的NO_x,以钢铁和建材制造为主的工艺过程源分别贡献了20%的PM_(10)和34%的PM_(2.5),以道路扬尘为主的扬尘源分别贡献了60%的PM_(10)和35%的PM_(2.5),生物质燃烧分别贡献了33%的BC和51%的OC,以机械加工、建筑装饰、电子设备制造、印刷和家具等行业为主的溶剂使用源贡献了46%的VOCs,NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖和氮肥施用等农业部门排放,分别占总排放量的70%和25%.污染物空间分布结果显示,四川省各项大气污染物主要集中分布于人口最为密集,农业和工业均较为发达的四川盆地和攀枝花部分区域,其中,以成都、德阳和绵阳为代表的成都平原城市群为四川盆地内的主要排放高值区域.所建立的排放清单存在一定不确定性,后续研究中应针对活动水平数据获取的不足开展数据收集工作,加强排放贡献较大典型污染源的排放因子本地化研究工作,逐步完善四川省大气污染物排放清单,为四川省复合型大气污染研究和防治提供科学支撑.     

Effects of Agricultural Cultivation on Demographics of Southern High Plains Amphibians

Abstract:  Anthropogenic disturbance of landscapes surrounding wetlands is considered a factor in local and global amphibian declines. Few data exist on the effects of agricultural cultivation of wetland watersheds on amphibians, and results from previous studies are contradictory. Our objective was to test the effects of general anthropogenic land use (cultivation vs. grassland) on the demographics of seven species and three age classes of amphibians in the Southern High Plains of Texas. We partially enclosed 16 playa wetlands (4 per land use per year) with drift fences and pitfall traps and monitored relative daily abundance and diversity from 16 May to 17 October 1999 and 19 April to 18 August 2000. In general, relative abundance (i.e., average daily capture) of New Mexico and plains spadefoots (  Spea multiplicata, S. bombifrons ) was greater at cropland than grassland playas; the abundance of other species and diversity of the amphibian assemblage was not affected by land use. Also, abundance generally was greater in 1999 than 2000 for metamorph spadefoots and barred tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium ). Differences in spadefoot abundance between land-use types may have been related to low species-specific vagility, resulting in increased nestedness within disturbed landscapes and reduced abundance of a potential keystone intraguild predator in cropland playas. The yearly difference in amphibian abundance was likely related to annual precipitation, which influenced wetland hydroperiod. Agricultural cultivation surrounding wetlands is associated with the increased abundance of some amphibian species, but other demographic and fitness parameters—such as temporal demographics, body size, and diet diversity—may be negatively affected.     

Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics in the Serengeti: Lessons for Conservation

Abstract:  Data from long-term ecological studies further understanding of ecosystem dynamics and can guide evidence-based management. In a quasi-natural experiment we examined long-term monitoring data on different components of the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem to trace the effects of disturbances and thus to elucidate cause-and-effect connections between them. The long-term data illustrated the role of food limitation in population regulation in mammals, particularly in migratory wildebeest and nonmigratory buffalo. Predation limited populations of smaller resident ungulates and small carnivores. Abiotic events, such as droughts and floods, created disturbances that affected survivorship of ungulates and birds. Such disturbances showed feedbacks between biotic and abiotic realms. Interactions between elephants and their food allowed savanna and grassland communities to co-occur. With increased woodland vegetation, predators' capture of prey increased. Anthropogenic disturbances had direct (hunting) and indirect (transfer of disease to wildlife) effects. Slow and rapid changes and multiple ecosystem states became apparent only over several decades and involved events at different spatial scales. Conservation efforts should accommodate both infrequent and unpredictable events and long-term trends. Management should plan on the time scale of those events and should not aim to maintain the status quo. Systems can be self-regulating through food availability and predator-prey interactions; thus, culling may not be required. Ecosystems can occur in multiple states; thus, there may be no a priori need to maintain one natural state. Finally, conservation efforts outside protected areas must distinguish between natural change and direct human-induced change. Protected areas can act as ecological baselines in which human-induced change is kept to a minimum     

人为土壤形成过程及其在现代土壤学上的意义

随着工业的发展、人口的增加和耕地的减少，特别是工业革命以来，人为作用对土壤形成的影响越来越大。在此过程中，人们培育了人为土，也出现了土壤退化。人为作用重要性的确认扩大了土壤学的视野，土壤不仅是独立的“历史自然体”，人为土还是劳动的产物；土壤不仅是“植物养料的储藏库”，还应是污染物的缓冲带的过滤器。因此，建议用“六大成土因素”代替五大成土因素；用“人地圈”或“智慧土壤圈”来充实“土壤圈”。     

中国大陆CO人为源排放清单

在经济部门、燃料类型、燃烧方式/工艺技术3个层次对排放源进行划分的基础上,根据各类源的能源消耗/产品产量及相应的排放因子,建立了中国大陆2001年分省区CO人为源排放清单.结果表明,中国大陆2001年CO人为源排放量为1·5×108t.生物质、煤炭和汽油是CO排放的主要来源,分别占总排放的35·24%、31·67%和20·31%;CO主要来源于居民生活(32·15%)、工业燃烧(23·77%)和机动车排放(21·75%).CO排放的地区分布极不均衡,山东、河北、山西、辽宁等12个省区的年排放量在5·0×106t以上,集中了全国总排放的2/3;上海、北京和天津3市的年均排放强度最高(大于100t·km-2·a-1);而西藏、青海、新疆和内蒙古4个省区的CO排放强度均不足5t·km-2·a-1·     

Environmentally stratified sampling design for the development of Great Lakes environmental indicators

Understanding the relationship between human disturbance and ecological response is essential to the process of indicator development. For large-scale observational studies, sites should be selected across gradients of anthropogenic stress, but such gradients are often unknown for a population of sites prior to site selection. Stress data available from public sources can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) to partially characterize environmental conditions for large geographic areas without visiting the sites. We divided the U.S. Great Lakes coastal region into 762 units consisting of a shoreline reach and drainage-shed and then summarized over 200 environmental variables in seven categories for the units using a GIS. Redundancy within the categories of environmental variables was reduced using principal components analysis. Environmental strata were generated from cluster analysis using principal component scores as input. To protect against site selection bias, sites were selected in random order from clusters. The site selection process allowed us to exclude sites that were inaccessible and was shown to successfully distribute sites across the range of environmental variation in our GIS data. This design has broad applicability when the goal is to develop ecological indicators using observational data from large-scale surveys.     

Assessing the Response of Estuarine Intertidal Assemblages to Urbanised Catchment Discharge

Measurement of intertidal rock assemblages was investigated as a potential biological indicator to provide a quantitative estimate of the impact of urbanised catchment discharge on the estuaries of Sydney, Australia, from 1995 to 1999. Based on the presence and characteristics of adjacent human activities, sampling locations were categorised as: Bush; Urban; Urban with Sewer Overflows; and Industry with Sewer Overflows. In Sydney Harbour, variation in assemblage structure was measured between most impact categories, however differences between impact categories were not consistent for each year. Nevertheless, in years of above average rainfall (1998–1999), reference assemblages adjacent to national parks and distant from urbanisation were different to all other putatively impacted assemblages. Variability within assemblages was least at reference locations in each year and greatest at locations adjacent to stormwater canals and sewer overflows, particularly in 1998–1999. Variation in assemblage structure in Sydney estuaries was most strongly correlated with chlorophyll – a concentrations. Univariate analysis also identified highly significant differences for a number of factors, however, interactions between year, impact categories and location for numerous analyses, confounded the differentiation between impact categories. The results suggest that intertidal rock assemblages in Sydney Harbour and surrounding estuaries appear to be responding to the quality and quantity of discharge from urbanised catchments and, furthermore, that assemblages are more suitable than individual taxa to indicate the difference between Bush and anthropogenically disturbed estuarine locations.     

Precipitation and aerosol studies in India

In India, rain water and atmospheric aerosols are observed to bealkaline in nature due to the influence of soil-derivedparticles which are rich in components like Ca and Mg. Thesecomponents increase the neutralization potential of rain waterand have a greater influence at rural site compared to urbansite. However, if there are continuous rains, the concentrationof crustal components becomes lower resulting in lower pH ofrain water. Unlike the characteristics of rain water oncontinent, the pH of rain water has been observed to be acidicin all the events over the Indian Ocean during Pre-campaigns ofIndian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). The possible reason for acidicrains over Indian Ocean could be the anthropogenic contributionfrom continent transported by NE winds coming towards the oceanduring this period.     

鄱阳湖流域人为氮磷输入演变及湖泊水环境响应

人类活动导致的氮磷营养盐富集是我国湖泊富营养化问题形成的重要驱动力.鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,随着流域经济社会的迅速发展,湖体营养盐水平上升,降低了鄱阳湖及长江中下游地区的水环境质量.然而,人类对鄱阳湖流域氮磷输入的影响程度尚不明确,湖体氮磷浓度与流域人为氮磷输入的关系也缺乏定量研究.因此,本研究基于人为净氮输入模型(NANI)、人为净磷输入模型(NAPI)和多元统计回归模型,评估了鄱阳湖流域1949—2013年人类活动导致的氮磷输入量,构建了人为氮磷输入与湖泊氮磷浓度的响应模型.结果表明,研究期内鄱阳湖流域的人为净氮输入和人为净磷输入分别增长6倍和15倍,化肥施用是20世纪80年代以来的主要增长因子;鄱阳湖氮磷浓度与流域人为氮磷输入显著相关,根据多元回归模型的可决系数,NANI可解释88%的湖体TN浓度变化,NAPI和湖泊平均水位可解释64%的TP浓度变化.提高氮磷的循环利用率同时维持湖泊生态水位对于降低鄱阳湖富营养化水平具有重要意义.     

Proactive limit values for responsible management of chemicals

Limit values (LVs) are legal concentration limits for constituents, residues and contaminants in consumer products or for emissions from production processes into environmental compartments. They are a traditional regulatory aid to manage chemicals in human environments. To make them proactive, LVs should become enforced by means of a transparent and informed decision process whose starting point is the Basic Rule of Environmental Hygiene, BREH:Avoid useless exposure as far as possible, minimize useful exposure in a reasonable manner, and prevent that exposure which is dangerous. The BREH calls upon minimizing exposure not only according toon site risk potentials and acceptance, but also tooff site avoidability and acceptability.