Effects of cotton straw amendment on soil fertility and microbial communities

Maintaining soil fertility, while controlling pollution from excessive chemical fertilizer application is important for keeping soil productivity of sustainable agriculture. Variety of straws have been used and proven to be good soil amendments for increasing soil organic matter (OM) and a range of additional soil nutrients. However, little is known about the utilization of cotton straw for soil amendment. To better understand the mechanism behind cotton straw soil amendments, investigations were performed upon cucumber seedlings, where changes to soil nutrients and microbial communities were investigated. The results revealed that the cotton straw application promoted the cucumber seedling growth by significantly increasing the soil OM, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The concentration of cotton straw was positively correlated to both the number of the culturable microorganisms and also the total microbial biomass within soil. Furthermore, assessment of cotton straw application using Biolog metabolic profiling and phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that such application increased the microbial community metabolic activity, and markedly changed the structure of microbial community. 16S rRNA gene clone library construction and phylogenetic analysis of soil bacteria revealed γ- Proteobacteria sequences dominated the cotton straw amendment soil, comprising 27.8% of the total number of analyzed sequences, while they were less represented in control soil (13.4%). On the contrary, the Sphingobacteria (7.8%) and Verrucomicrobia (2.4%) in the cotton straw amendment soil decreased after application when compared to the control soil 15.2% and 15.2%.     

不同虫压下转Bt基因水稻与非转基因水稻生态适合度差异

为了解转基因水稻的基因扩散效率和潜在生态风险,以转Bt抗虫水稻Bt63、R1、R2和非转基因常规水稻Ⅱ优838为试材,采用高、低两个不同虫害胁迫水平和转基因与非转基因水稻相间种植方式,通过观察水稻植株营养生长、结实以及对螟虫危害的抗性表现等差异,研究比较了Bt外源基因插入后对水稻植株适合度的影响.结果表明:在低虫害胁迫条件下,转Bt基因水稻在植株分蘖数、生物量鲜重等营养生长指标方面与非转基因对照品系间无明显差异,但株高、穗长、穗重等指标不及对照,且R2和Bt63与对照间差异显著;在高虫害胁迫条件下,3个转Bt基因水稻品系的分蘖数、穗长、穗重等指标明显高于对照.而不同转基因品系株高适合度效应不同,这可能与受体本身的特性相关.3种转基因水稻的单株结实粒数、千粒重与对照在两种虫害胁迫条件下均无显著性差异,Bt基因对受体植株的结实影响不明显.在高虫害胁迫条件下,3种转Bt基因水稻的抗虫能力均显著优于非转基因水稻,表明Bt基因对受体植株的抗虫性影响显著.同时,本研究结果还表明转Bt基因水稻的适合度代价较小,预示了抗虫转基因水稻外源Bt基因在一定环境条件下具有逃逸的可能,但这种风险比较小.     

油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)与细菌间的基因水平转移

油菜菌核病（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）是油菜生产上最重要的病害之一,其致病性可能来源于基因水平转移（Horizontal gene transfer,HGT）.为认识其致病原理和寻找新的真菌抑制剂的靶点,首先通过BLASTp发现其基因XM₀01585458.1编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1与细菌比对结果中出现低E值3.23e-109和高SCORE值436,暗示存在HGT现象;进一步通过系统进化树的建立,发现该蛋白在进化分枝上更接近于细菌中由Streptomyces sp.C的NZ_CM000832.1基因编码的蛋白ZP₀7291173;同时核苷酸组成分析也发现该基因与油菜菌核病菌基因组的碱基组成有较大差别,GC含量提高了14.95%.这些结果证明了XM₀01585458.1的确存在基因水平转移事件.结构分析和COG蛋白功能分类显示该HGT序列编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1具有FA58C₃（Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain）、Kelch repeat type 1、Galactose-binding domain-like、Galactose oxidase/kelch,beta-propeller等保守结构域,应为一个膜蛋白并参与多糖代谢,推测该水平转移基因与S.sclerotiorum在侵染植物时进行细胞壁水解和致病性有关.     

不同强度冷刺激对大鼠心脏、大脑、睾丸和肺脏中CIRP表达的影响

采用Western blot和实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,研究不同强度不同时间冷刺激后大鼠心脏、大脑、睾丸和肺脏中冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(CIRP)的表达情况.结果表明:常温(20℃±1℃)下大鼠4种组织中均存在一定的CIRP的表达;急性冷刺激组(-10℃±1℃、-4℃±1℃、0℃±1℃、4℃±1℃)心脏、大脑和睾丸中CIRP mRNA表达在冷刺激0～6 h呈上升趋势,6 h时达到最高值,随后呈下降趋势,肺脏中CIRP mRNA表达在0～6 h呈下降趋势,在6 h时达到最低值,随后呈上升趋势;慢性冷应激组(10℃±1℃)大鼠心脏、大脑和睾丸3种组织中CIRP mRNA在不同时间点(1周、2周、3 W周)的表达均高于正常对照组(P>0.05),肺脏CIRP mRNA表达均低于对照组(P>0.05),并且同一组织不同时间点之间差异不显著(P>0.05).可见冷刺激后CIRP的表达存在一定规律并且表现出组织特异性,可能与组织保护特异性有关.     

恒河猴piwil1基因的表达

为了解人类近亲恒河猴piwil1基因的结构、表达和功能差异,利用RT-PCR方法克隆了恒河猴piwil1基因,并对其编码产物进行了相应的生物信息学分析,随后检测了piwil1 mRNA在成年恒河猴10种组织中的表达情况,最后利用免疫组化方法比较了PIWIL1蛋白在成人、成年恒河猴和幼年恒河猴睾丸组织中表达的异同.结果表明,恒河猴piwil1基因全长2 586 bp,编码861个氨基酸,氨基酸数目与人类piwil1基因相同.恒河猴PIWIL1蛋白与人的PIWIL1蛋白序列同源性达99%,均含有PAZ结构域和Piwi结构域.在成人和成年恒河猴的睾丸组织中,PIWIL1蛋白均在精母细胞和精细胞的胞浆中表达,而在幼年恒河猴睾丸组织中,PIWIL1表达与成年恒河猴相比存在差异,表达量相对较低,且主要表达于生精小管的细胞的细胞核上.上述结果提示,PIWIL1蛋白在成人和成年恒河猴可能具有相同作用,但是在不同的发育阶段中PIWIL1蛋白的功能不同.     

Computer modeling of genome complexity variation trends in prokaryotic communities under varying habitat conditions

There are two types of organisms’ grouping in nature: mono-species populations and multi-species communities. Here at during the process of evolution the adaptability of a trait is to be tested both at population and ecocenotic levels. Size of a genome is one of the major adaptive traits, which widely varies in eukaryotic species. By contrast, prokaryotes with their small genomes are considered to have genome reduction evolutionary trend. Domination of this trend is mostly founded on population-level models. In this paper we in silico study interactions of ecocenotic and population levels. The trend of genome and metabolism reduction in prokaryotic communities was shown to be major only in comfortable environmental conditions. In subcomfortable conditions, genome and metabolism reduction leads to community simplification (in extreme case to community death). Pessimum conditions promote metabolism integration of a community and induce reciprocal genes acquiring.     

控释掺混肥对菜田土壤脲酶和氮转化功能基因影响及硝酸盐淋溶削减研究

以西蓝花为对象,研究了露地菜田不同施肥方式下土壤氮转化酶、氮转化功能基因及氮吸收量的差异,监测了西蓝花生育期内不同时期0～100 cm 土壤硝态氮含量动态变化.结果表明:①施氮处理(CF、CU80％和CU60％)土壤脲酶活性是缺氮处理(PK)的1.78～3.11倍,差异显著(p＜0.05),并且其AOA、AOB、nir...     

基于rpoC1基因的微囊藻属分子系统学研究

测定了广东省9个水库4株铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa、5株水华微囊藻M.flos-aquae和4株未定种微囊藻rpoC1基因部分序列,结合GenBank下载的日本5个水体11株铜绿微囊藻、5株绿色微囊藻M.viridis和5株惠氏微囊藻M.wesenbergii间源序列,进行序列分析.结果显示,34株微囊藻存在21种基因型,序列相似性达97.6%～100%.在邻接树上不同形态种和不同地理来源的藻株混杂在一起,没有形成明显的谱系结构和地理结构:同一形态种藻株可能具有不同的基因型,而相同基因型的藻株可能是不同的形态种;从同一水体中分离的微囊藻具有不同的形态种和不同的基因型,而不同水体分离的微囊藻有时又具有相同基因型,表明rpoC1基因序列无法区分形态种和地理株,支持Kondo和Otsuka提出的暂将铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻、惠氏微囊藻和绿色微囊藻等归为铜绿微囊藻复合种的分类处理.     

皮质醇影响青鳉鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达的研究

目前河流中存在较高浓度的天然和人造糖皮质激素(如皮质醇等)污染,其可能对鱼类的渗透压调节和海河洄游产生影响.鱼类鳃内钠钾ATP酶对调节渗透压平衡、适应海河洄游等起关键性作用,有研究表明鱼类鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达受皮质醇调控.为此,论文克隆了青鳉钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因的序列片段,建立了实时定量RT-PCR测定方法,研究了盐度的增加对其基因表达的影响,并重点探讨了皮质醇对鱼类适应盐度时鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达变化的影响.结果表明,适应15‰盐水的青鳉鳃内钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因表达显著升高;在转入淡水48h后,钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因表达基本恢复到正常水平,但是转入含有100ng·L-1皮质醇暴露水平的淡水中,48h后钠钾ATP酶α基因表达仍处于较高水平,表明100ng·L-1浓度的皮质醇能够显著诱导鳃内钠钾ATP酶α的基因表达,可能干扰渗透压调节,对一些洄游鱼类的溯河过程可能构成潜在影响.     

环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类性别决定的影响研究进展

水体中的环境内分泌干扰物能够影响鱼类性别决定过程,对鱼类产生明显的雌、雄性化效应.为深入研究环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类性别决定的影响及其机制,论文介绍了鱼类性别决定基因SRY和DMY基因在鱼类性别决定中的作用,以及Sox、DMRT、CYP和Vasa、Dax1、Foxl2等鱼类性别决定相关基因对鱼类性别决定的调控作用,综述了各类环境内分泌干扰物引起的鱼类雌、雄性化效应的最新研究进展,在此基础上探讨了环境内分泌干扰物影响鱼类性别决定的作用机制,并展望了该领域今后的重点研究方向.