Phenological mismatch and the effectiveness of assisted gene flow

The persistence of narrowly adapted species under climate change will depend on their ability to migrate apace with their historical climatic envelope or to adapt in place to maintain fitness. This second path to persistence can only occur if there is sufficient genetic variance for response to new selection regimes. Inadequate levels of genetic variation can be remedied through assisted gene flow (AGF), that is the intentional introduction of individuals genetically adapted to localities with historic climates similar to the current or future climate experienced by the resident population. However, the timing of reproduction is frequently adapted to local conditions. Phenological mismatch between residents and migrants can reduce resident × migrant mating frequencies, slowing the introgression of migrant alleles into the resident genetic background and impeding evolutionary rescue efforts. Focusing on plants, we devised a method to estimate the frequency of resident × migrant matings based on flowering schedules and applied it in an experiment that mimicked the first generation of an AGF program with Chamaecrista fasciculata, a prairie annual, under current and expected future temperature regimes. Phenological mismatch reduced the potential for resident × migrant matings by 40–90%, regardless of thermal treatment. The most successful migrant sires were the most resident like in their flowering time, further biasing the genetic admixture between resident and migrant populations. Other loci contributing to local adaptation—heat‐tolerance genes, for instance—may be in linkage disequilibrium with phenology when residents and migrants are combined into a single mating pool. Thus, introgression of potentially adaptive migrant alleles into the resident genetic background is slowed when selection acts against migrant phenology. Successful AGF programs may require sustained high immigration rates or preliminary breeding programs when phenologically matched migrant source populations are unavailable.     

Coupled biodegradation of p-nitrophenol and p-aminophenol in bioelectrochemical system: Mechanism and microbial functional diversity

Biodegradation mechanisms and microbial functional diversity during coupled p-nitrophenol (PNP) and p-aminophenol (PAP) degradation were studied in a bioelectrochemical system. PNP in the biocathode and PAP in the bioanode were almost completely removed within 28hr and 68hr respectively. The degradation followed the steps including hydrating hydroxyalkylation, dehydrogenating carbonylation, and hydrolating ring cleavage, etc. Metagemomic analysis based on the KEGG and eggNOG database annotations revealed the microbial composition and functional genes/enzymes related to phenol degradation in the system. The predominant bacteria genera were Lautropia, Pandoraea, Thiobacillus, Ignavibacterium, Truepera and Hyphomicrobium. The recognized biodegradation genes/enzymes related to pollutant degradation were as follows: pmo, hbd, & ppo for phenol degradation, nzba, amie, & badh for aromatic degradation, and CYP & p450 for xenobiotics degradation, etc. The co-occurrence of ARGs (antibiotic resistant genes), such as adeF, MexJ, ErmF, PDC-93 and Escherichia_coli_mdfA, etc., were annotated in CARD database during the biodegradation process. The Proteobacteria & Actinobacteria phylum was the primary host of both the biodegradation genes & ARGs in this system. The microbial functional diversity ensured the effective biodegradation of the phenol pollutants in the bioelectrochemical system.     

聚丙烯微塑料对污泥厌氧消化效能作用影响

以聚丙烯（PP）微塑料为研究对象,考察不同浓度PP微塑料对污泥厌氧消化产CH₄和产酸效能的作用影响,同时采用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测了乙酸激酶（AK）和mcrA基因在不同PP微塑料作用下的丰度变化.结果表明,PP微塑料对污泥厌氧消化产CH₄和产酸效能具有促进影响,CH₄和乙酸累计产量随PP微塑料投加量的增大而升高,当PP微塑料投加量为0.2g/g VSS时,CH₄和乙酸累计产量与空白对照相比分别提高148.2%和15.2%,达227.1mL/g VSS和1291.2mg/L.相应地,mcrA基因丰度随之提高98.2%,表明PP微塑料对产甲烷菌的生长和繁殖具有促进作用,进而强化污泥厌氧消化产CH₄效能.     

广东省蛭态轮虫物种多样性及其系统发育研究

为了解广东省蛭态轮虫物种多样性,采集广东省不同水陆生境样品98份,记录蛭态轮虫3目4科12属66种（含亚种）.陆生环境中鉴定出蛭态轮虫56种,其中苔藓生境42种、落叶生境40种、地衣生境12种,水生生境蛭态轮虫15种,陆生生境的蛭态轮虫种类明显多于水生生境蛭态轮虫.为验证形态鉴定的准确性,获取蛭态轮虫COⅠ基因序列4属16种37条,种间遗传距离8.59%~23.17%,其中楔足盘网轮虫（Adineta cuneata）和迅捷旋轮虫（Philodina rapida）的COⅠ基因序列为全球首次报道.COI基因序列中腺嘌呤（A）与胸腺嘧啶（T）的总含量（71.2%）远大于鸟嘌呤（G）与胞嘧啶（C）（28.8%）的含量.系统发育树的聚类结果与形态学物种鉴定结果一致;同属形态相近的物种,具有较高的同源性.研究结果表明,形态学鉴定与DNA条形码技术相结合,有助于提高蛭态轮虫种类鉴定的准确性和探究蛭态轮虫各属的发育地位,促进蛭态轮虫物种多样性和生态学研究.     

典型集雨人饮地区窖水微生物群落多样性及差异解析

为阐释我国典型集雨饮水地区窖水水质自然变化机制,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,对以庭院为组织单元、不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中微生物群落及功能多样性差异进行了研究,表明窖水微生物群落结构及其功能存在显著的差异,造成这种差异的主要因素是窖水内部环境因子、外部环境因子等的异质性.窖水微生物群落结构多样性差异呈现大量的稀有种和少数常见优势种的分布模式,不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中含有不同的显著差异性微生物类群;微生物群落功能多样性差异体现在:编码新陈代谢功能的基因序列与其他功能基因序列相比具有显著的优势性,氨基酸、碳水化物、能量、脂类、辅助因子和维生素、萜类和酮类化合物、核苷酸、多糖的合成与代谢、外来物质的降解与代谢是构成新陈代谢功能的主要基因序列类群,表明窖水中存在大量、具有相对特定生态功能的微生物进行着诸多活跃的与新陈代谢相关活动.研究认为混凝土集流面与混凝土水窖组合模式用于收集和贮存雨水,水质更好、更安全.研究结果加深了对窖水微生物群落结构和多样性的认识,为开展集雨窖水水源地优选及改善窖水水质提供了借鉴.     

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of soil bacteria in the vicinity of the Chinese Great Wall Station, King George Island, Antarctica

Bacterial diversity was investigated in soil samples collected from 13 sites around the Great Wall Station, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes. The classes α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, as well as the phylum Actinobacteria, were found to be the dominant bacteria in the soils around the Great Wall Station. Although the selected samples were not contaminated by oil, a relationship between soil parameters, microbial biodiversity, and human impact was still seen. Sample sites in human impacted areas showed lower bacterial biodiversity (average H′= 2.65) when compared to nonimpacted sites (average H′= 3.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between soil bacterial diversity and total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen, or total phosphorus contents of the soil. Canonical correlation analysis showed that TOC content was the most important factor determining bacterial community profiles among the measured soil parameters. In conclusion, microbial biodiversity and community characteristics within relatively small scales (1.5 km) were determined as a function of local environment parameters and anthropogenic impact.     

降解-示踪质粒的构建及性能评价研究

在生物强化中采用报告基因技术对降解质粒进行标记,可实现对基因工程菌和降解基因的原位监测。通过基因克隆技术,将绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)和阿特拉津脱氯水解酶基因(atzA)重组,构建降解-示踪功能质粒,实现对阿特拉津降解质粒的示踪标记,并对转化获得的基因工程菌绿色荧光蛋白表达及阿特拉津降解能力进行评价。结果表明将gfp和atzA基因克隆至质粒载体pUC18所获得的重组质粒,经检测含有atzA基因,具有氨苄青霉素抗性,并可表达绿色荧光蛋白。携带重组质粒的基因工程菌具有阿特拉津降解活性;且在活性污泥中产生绿色荧光现象,可通过原位观察进行监测。     

丙烯醛-DNA加合物的研究进展

丙烯醛是一种活泼的a,β不饱和醛,在环境中广泛存在,香烟烟气和厨房油烟是人体丙烯醛暴露的主要环境来源.另一方面机体内丙烯醛可以通过脂质过氧化、氨基酸氧化等多种途径自发生成.进入人体后,丙烯醛和DNA发生加合生成丙烯醛-DNA加合物,目前研究最多的是丙烯醛-dG加合物,包括a-OH-PdG和γ-OH-PdG,其中γ-OH...     

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶:脂肪酸代谢的关键酶及其基因克隆研究进展

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)在脂肪酸合成和分解代谢中发挥着重要作用.系统介绍了该酶的结构与分类、生物学作用与应用、抑制剂的类型与作用机理以及基因克隆4个方面的进展.ACC在大多数原核生物中为多亚基型酶,而在大多数真核生物中为多功能型单亚基酶,在天蓝色链霉菌和古菌勤奋金属球菌中为另外两种特殊类型;但都具备3个关键的功能域,即生物素羧化酶(BC)、生物素羧基载体蛋白(BCCP)和羧基转移酶(CT).CT功能域作为潜在的靶标广泛应用于植物除草剂的筛选和哺乳动物肥胖、糖尿病等代谢疾病的药物设计中.ACC基因也成为转基因油料作物和生物柴油研究中重要的靶标基因.研究表明,植物质体中的β-CT亚基是多亚基型ACC的限制因子,而BCCP是脂肪酸合成的负调控因子.油脂的合成代谢十分复杂,且存在反馈抑制机制,因此克隆和表达ACC基因可以提高宿主中ACC的活性,但不一定能显著促进脂肪酸的积累.图2参52     

东亚飞蝗辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶基因克隆和序列分析

辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶是组成线粒体呼吸链的4种酶复合体之一,对线粒体呼吸链的电子传递起着重要作用.同时,辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶还是杀真菌剂(Fungicide)、抗原虫(Antiprotozoan)、抗癌药物(Anticancer drugs)以及抗疟疾(Antimalarial)药物——阿托喹酮(Atovaquone)、氯胍(Proguanil)、布帕伐醌(Buparvaquone)的作用靶标,可将它作为昆虫的药靶,设计和开发新型的杀虫剂.采用RACE方法,克隆了东亚飞蝗[Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)]辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶cDNA全序列(GenBank登录号:GU593056.1).获得的cDNA全长939 bp,其中可读框819 bp,编码272个氨基酸,推测其相对分子质量为29.48 ku,等电点为9.19.通过与其它10个物种的细胞色素C还原酶基因的氨基酸序列进行比对,发现东亚飞蝗与家蚕、赤拟谷盗、黒腹果蝇、埃及伊蚊、致乏库蚊、小家鼠、人、丽蝇蛹集金小蜂、蜜蜂和豌豆蚜的辅酶Q-细胞色素C还原酶氨基酸序列同源性分别为72%、72%、66%、63%、60%、59%、59%、58%、57%和56%.