干旱胁迫对文心兰抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以切花文心兰＂黄金2号＂（Oncidium Gower Ramsey‘Gold 2’）幼苗及成熟苗为材料,用盆栽控制浇水模拟干旱的方法,对不同程度干旱胁迫下其叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化进行研究。结果表明,文心兰＂黄金2号＂具有一定的耐旱性。随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,文心兰幼苗及成熟苗的相对含水量和相对电导率变化慢、幅度小,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性能保持一定水平,渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量持续上升,表明文心兰＂黄金2号＂对干旱胁迫具有较强的适应能力。     

3种胡枝子抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质对干旱和增强UV-B辐射的动态响应

为探究干旱和增强UV-B辐射对3种胡枝子(美丽胡枝子、二色胡枝子、牛枝子)抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了正常生长(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、增强UV-B辐射(UV-B)及二者复合胁迫(D+UV-B)下各植物叶片中抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的动态响应.结果表明:3种处理下各植物叶片中SOD活性较对照值均呈先下降后上升趋势,且与单因子处理相比,牛枝子和二色胡枝子在复合胁迫下其SOD活性更高;增强UV-B辐射和复合处理下POD活性随胁迫时间总体呈先上升后下降趋势;CAT活性在干旱和复合胁迫下高于对照值,而在增强UV-B辐射下较对照值有所下降.3种植物叶片渗透调节物质含量(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸)在各处理中较对照值均有所增加,并呈先上升后下降趋势,但种间差异显著.3种处理均导致各植物叶片内MDA含量不同程度的升高,升高幅度的大小依次为牛枝子＞美丽胡枝子＞二色胡枝子.通过隶属函数法综合评价得出,复合处理下二色胡枝子和美丽胡枝子具有较强的抗氧化能力,牛枝子抗氧化能力较弱.综上,与干旱胁迫和增强UV-B辐射相比,复合胁迫对植物的伤害程度更小,说明干旱与增强UV-B辐射可以相互缓减彼此对植物的伤害,且美丽胡枝子和二色胡枝子在抵抗干旱胁迫和增强UV-B辐射方面具有一定优势.     

胶质芽胞杆菌对印度芥菜根际土壤镉含量及土壤酶活性影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究分别接种活菌量浓度为1×1010CFU.kg-1(处理A)和2×1010CFU.kg-1(处理C)的胶质芽胞杆菌,对根际土壤镉含量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,处理A、C对根际土壤镉的去除率分别达到37.62%、38.27%,是对照(24.47%)的1.54、1.56倍.胶质芽胞杆菌处理后土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性在根际土壤大于非根际,随着时间延长土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高,脲酶和过氧化氢酶呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势,而脱氢酶活性在非根际土壤大于根际土壤,也呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势.对照组及处理A、C组中根际Cd含量与土壤磷酸酶、脲酶呈现显著或极显著负相关.研究表明,施入胶质芽胞杆菌不仅可以提高超富集植物对土壤Cd的净化效果而且对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶及脱氢酶均有一定的积极作用,其结果可为该菌辅助植物修复镉污染土壤的机制性研究提供理论指导.     

浒苔生物炭对滨海盐碱土壤改良的效果及途径

利用生物炭改善逆境土壤越来越受到人们关注,浒苔生物炭用于滨海盐碱土修复,不但可资源化利用浒苔,还可提高滨海土地储备规模.本文采用批量土壤培养的方法,探索0%~3%添加量的浒苔生物炭对盐碱土壤改良的效果和途径.结果表明,适用于盐碱土壤改良的浒苔生物炭最佳制备温度为400℃,最适添加量为1.5%;最适添加量下,浒苔生物炭虽提高土壤盐度（0.12%）和pH值（1.49%）,产生负效应,但同时降低土壤Na⁺/K⁺ 55.73%,增加矿物质元素1倍以上,提高水分传导性能等正效应;浒苔生物炭改善土壤理化及生物性质,提高营养物质含量、增强微生物活性和改善土壤营养可利用性,产生正效应,表现为降低土壤容重11.35%,提高有机质42.64%,提高总碳与总磷中有机碳与有效磷占比3.84倍和4.15倍,分别提升土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性2.39、1.18和1.50倍.因此,浒苔生物炭对盐碱土的正效应多于负效应,可用于滨海盐碱土改良.本研究为浒苔的资源化利用及滨海盐碱区生态环境改善提供新的路径.     

Effects of aeration on the suspended matter from a tropical and eutrophic estuary

A comprehensive understanding of the complex biogeochemical interactions between organic matter and persistent contaminants in the suspended matter is vital for ecoefficient estuary recovery. However, little is known regarding aeration effects in suspended particulate aggregates. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of aeration on the suspended matter from a Tropical and Eutrophic estuarine environment. Anoxic water with 60 g/L of suspended particulate matter(SPM) was collected from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, transferred to experimental boxes and aerated for 61 days. SPM aggregates monitoring included abiotic variables measurements and, determination of total organic matter(TOM), biopolymers composition, bacterial activity, trace metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) concentrations. The aeration enhanced dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration and the redox potential(Eh). However, from days 0 to 61 the predominant bacterial activities were denitrification and fermentation. Electron transport system activity increased after day 10, and aerobic activity was detected after day 19. In summary, aeration increased aerobic bacterial activity, lipids(LIP) and trace metal concentrations, although diminished protein/carbohydrate ratio and PAH concentration.Trace metals concentration(Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Fe) were the highest on day 19 when the p H was 5.9. Copper presented toxic values(Cu 20.0 μg/g). The p H showed a strong negative correlation with Eh(r =-0.94; p 0.001). Acidic environment(p H ≤ 5.9) in marine ecosystems with high loads of toxic trace metals is unsafe for biota. Therefore, managers must be aware of the environmental and biological risks of introducing the aeration technique into a eutrophic marine environment.     

Fungal and enzymatic treatment of mature municipal landfill leachate

The aim of our study was to evaluate biotreatability of mature municipal landfill leachate by using white rot fungus and its extracellular enzymes. Leachates were collected in one active and one closed regional municipal landfill. Both chosen landfills were operating for many years and the leachates generated there were polluted by organic and inorganic compounds. The white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens was able to grow in the mature leachate from the closed landfill and as it utilizes present organic matter as a source of carbon, the results were showing 60% of DOC and COD removal and decreased toxicity to the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. On the other hand, growth of the fungus was inhibited in the presence of the leachate from the active landfill. However, when the leachate was introduced to a crude enzyme filtrate containing extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, removal levels of COD and DOC reached 61% and 44%, respectively. Furthermore, the treatment led to detoxification of the leachate to the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and to reduction of toxicity (42%) to the plant Sinapis alba. Fungal and enzymatic treatment seems to be a promising biological approach for treatment of mature landfill leachates and their application should be further investigated.     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种（TriticumaestivumL．）在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8（耐铝型）、ES8（铝敏感型）为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2产生速率增幅分别为10．5％和20．4％,H202含量增幅分别为3．3％和7．6％。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增幅分别为11．9％和41．6％,过氧化物酶（POD）活性增幅为51．8％和77．8％,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性增幅为54．4％和29．1％,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增幅为32．9％和38．4％,谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性增幅为83．1％和85．5％。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛（MDA）含量分别增加18．2％和50．0％,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1．25倍和1．36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。     

不同浓度铵态氮对苦草的生理影响

研究了苦草在不同浓度(0.02,0.05,0.10,0.30,0.60,1.00,3.00mg/L)铵态氮中暴露14d后,其生物量的变化、叶片游离氨基酸态氮、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量以及O2-×信号强度、抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的响应.结果表明,各浓度组苦草的生物量无显著变化,但是各生理指标变化显著.当铵态氮浓度为0.30mg/L时,苦草叶片中游离氨基酸态氮的含量即开始显著升高.当铵态氮浓度达到0.60mg/L时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高,表明苦草诱导产生氧化应激但未受到氧化损伤.当铵态氮浓度高于1.00mg/L时,SOD和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高,O2-×信号强度显著增强,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量显著降低.当铵态氮浓度为0.02mg/L时,O2-×信号强度显著增强.综上,铵态氮浓度低于0.60mg/L苦草生长良好,浓度31.00mg/L苦草光合能力受到抑制、代谢受到干扰.苦草对铵态氮最敏感的生理生化指标是叶片中游离氨基酸态氮含量.铵态氮作为沉水植物的一种营养物质,当其含量较低时,植物由于营养缺乏诱导产生自由基.