Toxic effects of four sulphonylureas herbicides on soil microbial biomass

The effect of four triazinyl-sulfonylurea herbicides (cinosulfuron, prosulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl, triasulfuron) on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, metabolic activity, metabolic quotient, and some enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) were monitored under controlled conditions over 30 days. The herbicides were applied at the normal field dose (FD) and at ten-fold (10 FD) the field dose, in order to mimic a long term toxic effect. The measured soil microbial parameters showed that the FD had slight effects on soil microflora, while at 10 FD the tested herbicides exerted a stronger detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass and its biochemical activities.     

Pesticide risk assessment: A study on inhalation and dermal exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat among Malaysian paddy farmers

A cross-section analytical study was conducted to evaluate the risk of pesticide exposure to those applying the Class II pesticides 2,4-D and paraquat in the paddy-growing areas of Kerian, Perak, Malaysia. It investigated the influence of weather on exposure as well as documented health problems commonly related to pesticide exposure. Potential inhalation and dermal exposure for 140 paddy farmers (handlers of pesticides) were assessed. Results showed that while temperature and humidity affected exposure, windspeed had the strongest impact on pesticide exposure via inhalation. However, the degree of exposure to both herbicides via inhalation was below the permissible exposure limits set by United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM) readings showed that dermal exposure with manual spraying ranged from moderate to high. With motorized sprayers, however, the level of dermal exposure ranged from low to moderate. Dermal exposure was significantly negatively correlated with the usage of protective clothing. Various types of deleterious health effects were detected among users of manual knapsack sprayers. Long-term spraying activities were positively correlated with increasing levels of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) liver enzyme. The type of spraying equipment, usage of proper protective clothing and adherence to correct spraying practices were found to be the most important factors influencing the degree of pesticide exposure among those applying pesticides.     

初级基质对降解菌Pseudomonasputida共代谢苯扎贝特的影响

通过对3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定还原糖含量各影响因素的筛选,优化确定了显色时间8min,稳定时间10min,最佳波长490nm下进行吸光度测定的检测方法;分析分别以葡萄糖和麦芽糖作为外加碳源时,降解菌Pseudo—monasputidaB-31的生长情况和共代谢降解典型药物苯扎贝特（BZF）的过程。结果表明,降解菌只有在外加碳源的条件下才可正常生长,而且其在葡萄糖环境中生长得更好;拟合得到的葡萄糖、麦芽糖和BZF代谢动力学结果显示,葡萄糖对BZF去除的促进作用更为明显,同时从葡萄糖培养基中降解菌所提取的酶比活力要高于麦芽糖培养基,分析原因可能是葡萄糖所诱导的降解菌关键酶活力更强,而且还可能会产生不同的蛋白质点位。     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

铅锌矿冶区土壤酶活性特征研究

分析测试了铅锌矿冶区Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd复合污染条件下的土壤酶活性，分析了土壤重金属污染状况与土壤酶活性的相关关系。结果表明，随着采样点偏离废气排放口主导风向程度增大，Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd综合污染指数PI逐渐降低，土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性逐渐增高且差异显著，变化程度中大到小的顺序为蛋白酶→脲酶→过氧化氢酶。剖面分布上，综合污染指数PI〉5的样地，基本呈现随土壤深度增加而土壤酶活性降低的趋势。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间呈极显著正相关，3种土壤酶活性与全磷呈极显著正相关，与有机质相关性较低。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶等土壤酶活性分布特征对矿冶区污染程度和土壤生态系统特性具有一定的指示作用。     

浒苔生物炭对滨海盐碱土壤改良的效果及途径

利用生物炭改善逆境土壤越来越受到人们关注,浒苔生物炭用于滨海盐碱土修复,不但可资源化利用浒苔,还可提高滨海土地储备规模.本文采用批量土壤培养的方法,探索0%～3%添加量的浒苔生物炭对盐碱土壤改良的效果和途径.结果表明,适用于盐碱土壤改良的浒苔生物炭最佳制备温度为400℃,最适添加量为1.5%;最适添加量下,浒苔生物炭虽提高土壤盐度(0.12%)和pH值(1.49%),产生负效应,但同时降低土壤Na⁺/K⁺ 55.73%,增加矿物质元素1倍以上,提高水分传导性能等正效应;浒苔生物炭改善土壤理化及生物性质,提高营养物质含量、增强微生物活性和改善土壤营养可利用性,产生正效应,表现为降低土壤容重11.35%,提高有机质42.64%,提高总碳与总磷中有机碳与有效磷占比3.84倍和4.15倍,分别提升土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性2.39、 1.18和1.50倍.因此,浒苔生物炭对盐碱土的正效应多于负效应,可用于滨海盐碱土改良.本研究为浒苔的资源化利用及滨海盐碱区生态环境改善提供新的路径.     

二月桂酸二丁基锡对大鼠睾酮及合成关键酶的影响

用玉米油或二月桂酸二丁基锡[DBTD0.01,0.1,1mg/(kg·d)体重]对新生雄性Wistar大鼠连续5d注射染毒.至大鼠出生后第49d,检测其血清睾酮,细胞色素胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)、3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)和细胞色素P450 17-α脱羟基酶(Cyp17)这3种睾酮合成关键酶mRNA表达及脏器系数.结果表明,大鼠血清睾酮随DBTD剂量升高呈上升趋势,1mg/(kg·d)组与对照组比较有显著性差异;P450scc和3β-HSD mRNA相对表达无显著性变化,Cyp17在0.1mg/(kg·d)组的相对表达有显著性升高;1mg/(kg·d)组大鼠睾丸脏器系数有显著性升高,而各DBTD处理组附睾和肝脏脏器系数与对照组比较无显著性变化.     

胶质芽胞杆菌对印度芥菜根际土壤镉含量及土壤酶活性影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究分别接种活菌量浓度为1×1010CFU.kg-1(处理A)和2×1010CFU.kg-1(处理C)的胶质芽胞杆菌,对根际土壤镉含量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,处理A、C对根际土壤镉的去除率分别达到37.62%、38.27%,是对照(24.47%)的1.54、1.56倍.胶质芽胞杆菌处理后土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性在根际土壤大于非根际,随着时间延长土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高,脲酶和过氧化氢酶呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势,而脱氢酶活性在非根际土壤大于根际土壤,也呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势.对照组及处理A、C组中根际Cd含量与土壤磷酸酶、脲酶呈现显著或极显著负相关.研究表明,施入胶质芽胞杆菌不仅可以提高超富集植物对土壤Cd的净化效果而且对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶及脱氢酶均有一定的积极作用,其结果可为该菌辅助植物修复镉污染土壤的机制性研究提供理论指导.     

镉敏感水稻突变体在镉胁迫下活性氧代谢的变化

从粳稻中花11为受体构建的经农杆菌介导的T-DNA插入水稻突变体库中获得了1个对镉敏感的突变体,野生型和突变体经Cd²⁺胁迫表型上有显著差异.结果表明:镉敏感水稻突变体地上部对Cd²⁺吸收与转运速率要快于野生型,膜脂过氧化程度更高;随Cd²⁺胁迫浓度的增加,O₂^·-和H₂O₂在叶片中的积累增加,诱导抗氧化代谢;敏感突变体叶片SOD的抗氧化胁迫能力是有限的,与野生型相比突变体叶片CAT受到更显著的抑制,可能是其对Cd²⁺胁迫更加敏感的生理原因.而叶片G-POD活性整体差异不显著.