生态公益林建设管理的环境经济政策分析--以广州市为例

根据环境经济学的外部性理论 ,生态公益林建设管理具有外部经济性。使生态公益林建设管理外部性内部化的主要手段是“调节市场”型的环境经济政策 ,即由政府向公众征收生态公益林建设管理费用 ,而“建立市场”型的环境经济政策———明晰生态公益林的产权、承包经营权 ,则是生态公益林建设管理外部性内部化和生态公益林有效管理的需要。广州市生态公益林建设管理中存在的建设管理资金不足、林地的使用权分散、对林农补偿的数量难以确定等问题 ,有待于上述两种环境经济政策来解决     

氮沉降增加对森林植物影响的研究进展

由于化石燃料的燃烧、含氮化肥的使用以及畜牧业等人类活动的影响,向大气中排放的含氮化合物数量不断上升,从而引起大气氮沉降的增加,使得生态系统发生了一系列变化。为了更好地研究氮沉降这一环境变化,从植物生长、植物抗逆性、植物营养、凋落物分解、以及外来植物入侵等方面对氮沉降进行了综述。     

四川森林资源的可持续发展

四川森林是我国三大林区之一“青藏高原东部林区”的重要组成部分，该区的森林植被是维系长江流域生态平衡的主要天然屏障。本区森林资源能否持续发展整关长江流域的生态安全。通过对四川森林资源的现状，特点和存在问题的分析表明，四川森林资源丰富，具很高的生物多样性，发展潜力大，是重要的生态屏障，但天然林多、人工林少、林地土中退化严重，资源分布不均，树种单一，森林结构不合理，引种与林副产品的开发也存在许多问题，经济、生态效益差，也是森林植被生态系统的脆弱区之一。要促进该省森林资源的可持续发展，保护其生物多样性，发挥潜力，增强生态屏障作用，必须走以保护为主，多渠道开发，经济与生态效益并重的综合发展之路。     

国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响和权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中农、林、牧、渔业分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算我国农、林、牧、渔业的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国农、林、牧、渔业现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中农、林、牧、渔业的修改和调整提供建议。     

REDD+ and forest tenure security: concerns in Nepal’s community forestry

As one of the dominant large-scale mechanisms proposed to combat climate change, biodiversity loss, and rural poverty, REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) has added further complexity to the challenging governance of rights and resources in global forests. As REDD+ is commodifying carbon, concerns emerge about how carbon ownership and its rights can be accommodated into the existing framework that governs local forest resource rights. The Nepalese government has formally entered into REDD+ policy preparations, but it lacks clear legal provisions regarding key forest tenure rights such as carbon ownership, benefit sharing, and the political participation of community forest user groups from national to local. As a result, Nepal’s policy process points toward performance-based carbon forestry in a way that may undermine and weaken existing community tenure rights and forest tenure security.

This paper discusses Nepal’s potential impacts of new REDD+ and carbon ownership arrangements on forest tenure security and community-based forest governance. In a threefold methodological approach, the paper presents three scenarios for a REDD+-oriented tenure reform within the existing framework and assesses their concerns through in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, representatives, and advocates of Nepal’s community forestry system, complemented by a review of government documents and academic literature of REDD+ lessons so far. The analysis identifies critical concerns for forest tenure security, state-community power relationships, and effective local institutions of the commons, and suggests that Nepal’s REDD+ process is taking place at a particularly consequential time for structural changes of the forest governance framework.     

水的生态治理机制对林业劳动安全生产影响分析

随着我国可持续发展战略的实施,自然环境综合治理机制越来越受到社会关注,水资源保护成为自然生态保护的重要内容,水资源保护过程中需要建立完善的生态治理机制,保证水资源能够合理循环,实现经济社会的可持续发展。林业劳动安全生产对水具有高度依赖性,因此水资源生态治理机制建设可以推动林业劳动安全生产管理工作得以顺利开展,全面实现林业生产效益,保障林业劳动生产的安全性。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

Managed forests generally produce high water quality, but degradation is possible via sedimentation if proper management is not implemented during forest harvesting. To mitigate harvesting effects on total watershed sediment yield, it is necessary to understand all processes that contribute to these effects. Forest harvesting best management practices (BMPs) focus almost exclusively on overland sediment sources, whereas in‐and‐near stream sources go unaddressed although they can contribute substantially to sediment yield. Thus, we propose a new framework to classify forest harvesting effects on stream sediment yield according to their direct and indirect processes. Direct effects are those caused by erosion and sediment delivery to surface water from overland sources (e.g., forest roads). Indirect effects are those caused by a shift in hydrologic processes due to tree removal that accounts for increases in subsurface and surface flows to the stream such that alterations in water quality are not predicated upon overland sediment delivery to the stream, but rather in‐stream processes. Although the direct/indirect distinction is often implicit in forest hydrology studies, we have formalized it as a conceptual model to help identify primary drivers of sediment yield after forest harvesting in different landscapes. Based on a literature review, we identify drivers of these effects in five regions of the United States, discuss current forest management BMPs, and identify research needs.     

基于Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型的中国农业增长的演进特征

论文基于偏离-份额法的Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型,从份额分量、结构分量、净竞争分量和资源配置分量4方面系统研究了1985—2014年间中国农业生产规模及结构的演进特征。结果表明：1）研究期间,中国农业增加值呈现阶段式增长,种植业和牧业是导致农业增长的主要产业,黄淮海区和长江中下游区是全国农业增长的主要区域。2）八大粮食生产区农业产业份额分量均表现出先剧烈波动、后稳步增长的发展态势;各区域产业结构优势总体较弱且进一步下降;净竞争分量变化具有波动性,种植业、渔业促进区域农业总体竞争力的作用增强,林业和牧业的促进作用减弱;种植业和林业改善区域农业资源配置效应的作用增强,牧业和渔业则相对减弱。3）建议各区域结合产业发展优势,制定相关政策加强区域资源整合、农产品流通与技术合作,促进地区农业稳定发展。研究结果可为我国农业生产结构优化及差异化的发展策略制定提供依据。     

论煤矿城市塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题

本文对上述不同地区煤矿塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题分别进行了论述。     

Young adult conservation jobs and worker health

Decades of research studies demonstrate links between healthy environment, healthy lifestyles, and healthy people. This study evaluated the correlations between young adult conservation workers' perceived stress, personal effectiveness, and nature experience using quantitative and qualitative social science methods. The study cohort numbered nearly 300 individuals serving on small crews for an entire year, and were dispersed across Washington State (USA) to participate in conservation projects in rural to urban landscapes. Pre- and post-test surveys, using validated measures of perceived stress, health dimensions, and personal resiliency, were further informed by mid-year, field-based interviews. Overall, the young adults expressed fatigue with the physical work but were quite healthy when compared to national benchmarks. They indicated a reduction in perceived stress, and indicated social function influences based on the conservation work. Conclusions address the importance and implications of expanding this work opportunity to a more diverse cohort and future research needs.