A MONTE CARLO TEST OF LOAD CALCULATION METHODS,LAKE TAHOE BASIN,CALIFORNIA‐NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The sampling of streams and estimation of total loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment play an important role in efforts to control the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. We used a Monte Carlo procedure to test the precision and bias of four methods of calculating total constituent loads for nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment in one major tributary of the lake. The methods tested were two forms of the Beale's Ratio Estimator, the Period Weighted Sample, and the Rating Curve. Intensive sampling in 1985 (a dry year) and 1986 (a wet year) provided a basis for estimating loads by the “worked record” method for comparison with estimates based on resampling actual data at the lower intensity that characterizes the present monitoring program. The results show that: (1) the Period Weighted Sample method was superior to the other methods for all constituents for 1985; and (2) for total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and suspended sediment, the Rating Curve gave the best results in 1986. Modification of the present sampling program and load calculation methods may be necessary to improve the precision and reduce the bias of estimates of total phosphorus loads in basin streams.     

Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process

Sulfuric anhydrides,generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO₃with carboxylic acids,have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF).Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA),phenylacetic acid (PAA),phthalic acid (PA),isophthalic acid (mPA),and terephthalic acid(PTA)) with SO₃to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory...     

Compilation of reaction kinetics parameters determined in the Key Development Project for Air Pollution Formation Mechanism and Control Technologies in China

A compilation of new advances made in the research field of laboratory reaction kinetics in China's Key Development Project for Air Pollution Formation Mechanism and Control Technologies was presented. These advances are grouped into six broad, interrelated categories, including volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidation, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, new particle formation (NPF) and gas-particle partitioning, ozone chemistry, model parameters, and secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) formation, highlighting the laboratory work done by Chinese researchers. For smog chamber applications, the current knowledge gained from laboratory studies is reviewed, with emphasis on summarizing the oxidation mechanisms of long-chain alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, aldehydes/ketones in the atmosphere, SOA formation from anthropogenic emission sources, and oxidation of aromatics, isoprene, and limonene, as well as SIA formation. For flow tube applications, atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of toluene and methacrolein, SOA formation from limonene oxidation by ozone, gas-particle partitioning of peroxides, and sulfuric acid-water (H₂SO₄-H₂O) binary nucleation, methanesulfonic acid-water (MSA-H₂O) binary nucleation, and sulfuric acid-ammonia-water (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) ternary nucleation are discussed.     

水生植物生物质炭去除水体中氮磷性能

在富营养化水体的生物修复中,将产生大量的水生植物,如何进行合理的处置是需要解决的问题.本文采用水生植物制得生物质炭,并通过镁改性,提高了生物质炭对水体中氮磷的吸附性能.材料性质表征结果表明,镁改性不仅在生物质炭表面形成纳米MgO片层,增加比表面积,而且引入了羟基官能团促进对铵态氮的吸附.改性生物质炭对硝态氮和铵态氮的吸附过程均属于多层吸附,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型.改性后生物质炭对磷的吸附机制由单层吸附变为多层扩散.改性生物质炭对硝态氮、铵态氮和磷的最大吸附量分别为5. 66、62. 53和90. 92 mg·g~(-1),其中对铵态氮的吸附量是未改性生物质炭的178倍.在磷、硝态氮和铵态氮共存时,改性生物质炭对其吸附量分别增加79. 1%、67. 5%和47. 1%.本文结果表明通过生物质炭制备可以实现水生植物资源化,并可回用于水体氮磷污染的修复,具有很好的应用前景.     

具有不同粒径和相同表面结构纳米银颗粒的制备及表征

具有不同粒径相同表面结构AgNPs（nano-silver,纳米银）的可控合成是开展AgNPs毒性研究和风险评估的基础,也是材料制备领域的难点之一.采取化学还原的方法,使用AgNO₃（硝酸银）作为反应前体,使用TSC（trisodium citrate,柠檬酸三钠）和NaBH₄（sodium borohydride,硼氢化钠）作为稳定剂及还原剂,通过优化剂量比和反应条件等合成参数,一步式原位反应生成不同粒径的AgNPs.利用TEM（透射电子显微镜）、UV-Vis（紫外可见分光光谱）、ICP-MS（电感耦合等离子体质谱）、FT-IR（傅里叶转换红外光谱）和DLS（动态光散射）等技术综合表征了合成纳米颗粒的形貌和结构性质.结果表明:①TEM结果显示,3种AgNPs均为球形且粒径分别为12、25和33 nm.②UV-Vis表征结果显示,所得产物在391~408 nm之间有较强吸收,说明合成产物为AgNPs.③利用ICP-MS测试样品中未反应的ρ（Ag+）,得出该制备方法具有高产率（>99%）.④DLS结果证实了合成的AgNPs在水溶液中带负电荷且具有较窄的粒度分布.⑤FT-IR结果显示,所制备的AgNPs表面结构一致,具有碳碳双键、酯基、羧基和羟基等官能团,在材料制备的过程中,溶液的初始配比、反应时间及环境条件都会对反应结果产生很大影响.研究显示,通过化学还原方法制备的AgNPs具有方法简便、重现性好、产率高和单分散性的特点,所制备的系列AgNPs颗粒表面结构一致,具有良好的化学稳定性.      

深圳市城区VOCs对PM2.5和O3耦合生成影响研究

为了探究珠江三角洲城市大气PM_2.5和O₃的协同污染特征,在深圳市大学城开展了秋季光化学反应活跃季大气污染加强观测.发现O₃日最大8h平均值(O₃_8h)和PM_2.5在日间具有较强的正相关关系,且O₃_8h与典型挥发性有机物(VOCs)甲醛的相关性显著高于NO₂.利用气溶胶质谱仪在线测量了亚微米气溶胶化学组成,并利用正交矩阵因子模型(PMF)对其中有机气溶胶进行来源解析,解析出5类因子,其中二次有机气溶胶(SOA)占总有机物浓度的50%.通过对污染物之间的相关性分析发现,O₃_8h和SOA具有良好的相关性,但与硝酸盐(NO₃^-)未表现出相关性,说明VOCs在深圳城区大气PM_2.5和O₃耦合生成过程中的作用比NOx明显,VOCs减排是深圳市协同控制PM_2.5和O₃污染的关键.     

驻极体磁纤维捕集荷电Fe基细颗粒数值模拟

为了进一步实现超低排放,针对钢铁冶金以及铸造行业生产过程中产生的Fe基细颗粒,提出驻极体磁纤维提高对微细颗粒捕集的方法.本文基于计算流体力学-离散相模型（CFD-DPM）分别研究了纤维荷电量、颗粒预荷电电场强度、纤维磁感应强度以及颗粒磁化率对驻极体磁纤维捕集性能的影响.结果表明：在驻极体磁纤维周围颗粒所受到的磁场力相对于库仑力受距离影响更加明显,磁场力只在纤维附近极短距离内作用明显.捕集效率与纤维荷电量以及预荷电电场强度呈线性关系,对于0.5 μm颗粒,捕集效率随纤维荷电量以及预荷电电场强度的增长速率低于2.5 μm的颗粒.当颗粒粒径为0.5~1.0 μm时,增大驻极体磁纤维的磁感应强度以及提高颗粒磁化率对于捕集效率的提高作用较小.当颗粒粒径为1.5~2.5 μm时,增大驻极体磁纤维的磁感应强度以及提高颗粒磁化率能够明显提高纤维的捕集效率.     

两种生态净化措施对水源水库光学环境的影响

为了评估生态净化措施对水体光学环境的影响,以上海金泽水库为例,在微纳米曝气复氧和水生植物净化两种生态净化措施前后布设采样点进行了光学衰减系数（水体光合辐照度（PAR）衰减系数）、真光层深度和透明度及相关水质指标的监测和分析.结果表明：水生植物净化和曝气复氧净化措施有利于水体光学环境的改善,经微纳米曝气后,水体透明度增大20%~25%,真光层深度增大2.2%~14.8%,光学衰减系数降低0.4%~4.4%;经水生植物净化后,水体透明度增大20%~29.4%,真光层深度增大6%~20%,光学衰减系数降低17.3%~20.5%.逐步回归结果表明不同生态净化措施的光学环境改善机制不同,微纳米曝气主要通过叶绿素、溶解性有机物、温度、溶解氧影响水体光学环境,水生植物净化主要通过浊度影响水体光学环境.冬季,两种生态净化措施对总氮和溶解性有机物均没有改善效果.     

Reach‐Scale Comparison of Habitat and Mollusk Assemblages for Select Sites in the Clinch River with Regional Context

Several hypotheses, including habitat degradation and variation in fluvial geomorphology, have been posed to explain extreme spatial and temporal variation in Clinch River mollusk assemblages. We examined associations between mollusk assemblage metrics (richness, abundance, recruitment) and physical habitat (geomorphology, streambed composition, fish habitat, and riparian condition) at 10 sites selected to represent the range of current assemblage condition in the Clinch River. We compared similar geomorphological units among reaches, employing semi‐quantitative and quantitative protocols to characterize mollusk assemblages and a mix of visual assessments and empirical measurements to characterize physical habitat. We found little to no evidence that current assemblage condition was associated with 54 analyzed habitat metrics. When compared to other sites in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB) that once supported or currently support mollusk assemblages, Clinch River sites were more similar to each other, representing a narrower range of conditions than observed across the larger geographic extent of the UTRB. A post‐hoc analysis suggested stream size and average boundary shear stress at bankfull stage may have historically limited species richness in the UTRB (p < 0.001). Associations between mollusk assemblages and physical habitat in the UTRB and Clinch River currently appear obscured by other factors limiting richness, abundance, and recruitment.     

四川某小区人工湿地中水回用技术

中水回用是提高生活用水重复利用率的主要形式。提高水的重复利用率,是实现城市污水资源化是解决水资源短缺的根本途径。人工湿地既具有景观价值,又有污水处理功能。可以为市政绿化、农田灌溉景观提供水资源。经人工湿地处理的中水水质,出水水质符合我国的城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T18920-2002)、景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T18920-2002)和农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005)。